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AP Biology

This article explores the role of glycolipids and glycoproteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM) in innate immunity. It covers the non-specific defense mechanisms of the skin, mucous membranes, and normal flora, as well as the phagocytes involved in innate immunity. The inflammatory immune response and the role of major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) in specific immunity are also discussed.

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AP Biology

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  1. AP Biology Immune Systems Part 1

  2. Glycolipids and Glycoproteins of the ECM

  3. Innate Immunity

  4. Innate Immunity – Non-Specific Immunity • This is the immunity that you are born with. • Includes: • Skin and mucous membranes • Normal fauna: good bacteria that live on or in your body. • Sweat, saliva, tears, pepsin found in your stomach • The first line of defense against most environmental hazards and organisms that are trying to kill you.

  5. Phagocyte “eating” a pathogen

  6. Phagocytes – Non-specific Immunity • Phagocytes make up the second line of defense for your innate immunity • Phagocytes are specialized white blood cells that eat pathogens • Most phagocytes are neutrophils – general infantry • Monocytes: large WBCs in the blood fluids • Macrophages: large WBCs in the tissues • These locate and destroy dangerous organisms by following chemical trails

  7. Macrophage (Neutorphil) Chasing Bacteria • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z_mXDvZQ6dU

  8. - This first occurs when the body is attacked or injured Pin Blood clot Pathogen Inflammatory Immune Response Macrophage Blood clotting elements Chemical signals Phagocytic cells Phagocytosis Capillary Red blood cell • Capillaries dilate and venules constrict to trap blood in the area. • Histamine is released by damaged cells – this calls in the troops • Neutrophils rush to the site of the injury and begin killing foreign cells • Macrophages and monocytes come in after the initial assault and clean up any remaining mess

  9. MHC II MHC I Infected cell Microbe Antigen- presenting cell Antigen fragment Antigen fragment Class II MHC molecule Class I MHC molecule T cell receptor T cell receptor Cytotoxic T cell Helper T cell

  10. Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHCs) • These are special protein “hands” found on regular cells and specialized WBCs. • Two types exist: 1. Class I– All cells other than WBC’s possesses these. These are for telling WBC’s that a cell is infected when they are put out on the surface holding an antigen (antibody generating particle) in the hand. a. The WBC knows to kill that cell because it isinfected by the pathogen. 2. Class II– All WBC’s possess these. They show other WBC’swhat to look for and kill.(They are like trophy hands. “Come see what I have killed so that you too may seek and kill it.”)

  11. MHC II MHC I Infected cell Microbe Antigen- presenting cell Antigen fragment Antigen fragment Class II MHC molecule Class I MHC molecule T cell receptor T cell receptor Cytotoxic T cell Helper T cell

  12. Specific Immunity

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