Bio 9B: Wednesday, 2.9.11 Title: The Cell Cycle

1. Bio 9B: Wednesday, 2.9.11Title: The Cell Cycle • Homework: • Review Section 10-2 (pgs. 244-249). • Review the stages of Mitosis • Do Now: Put the following in order from largest to smallest: • Gene • Chromosome • Nucleotide • DNA • Today’s Objectives: • Describe the structure of a chromosome. • Describe the purpose and the 4 major steps of the cell cycle.

2. The Cell Cycle& mitosis PHA Biology 9 Moretti/ Dickson

3. Chromosome Review Chromosomes: DNA tightly coiled around little protein balls (histones) to make it very compact Chromosomes unraveling into DNA Nucleotide Base Pairs DNA Gene:Instructions for making a protein that determines a trait Another Gene: instructions for making a different protein that determines a different trait

4. Chromosome Review • Contain DNA • Number varies with organism: • Humans: 46 • Cats: 32 • Dogs: 72 • Objectives for Class: • Describe the structure of a chromosome. • Describe the purpose and the 4 major steps of the cell cycle.

5. The Cell Cycle: Overview • One cell grows and divides into two new cells • Purpose: • Growth • Replace dead cells • Repair tissues after injury • Asexual reproduction (in single-celled organisms) Amoeba reproducing

6. Major Steps of the Cell Cycle • Interphase: growth; copying of chromosomes & organelles • G1 phase: Cell grows • S phase: DNA replicates • G2 phase: More growth; cell prepares to divide • M-Phase: • MitosisChromosomes separate to form two new nuclei • Cytokinesis:Cell splits to form two new identical cells • Objectives for Class: • Describe the structure of a chromosome. • Describe the purpose and the 4 major steps of the cell cycle.

7. What do you notice about the chromosomes in G1versus G2? • Objectives for Class: • Describe the structure of a chromosome. • Describe the purpose and the 4 major steps of the cell cycle.

8. Chromosome Replication During the Cell Cycle G1 Phase: • Chromosomes are un-replicated - each contains onecopy of its DNA G2 Phase: • Chromosomes are replicated - each contains twoexactcopies of its DNA S Phase: Centromere – a small spot in the center of a chromosome Centromere DNA Replication creates replicated chromosomes Un-Replicated Chromosome Replicated Chromosome Sister Chromatids – two halves of a replicated chromosome – exact copies of each other • Objectives for Class: • Describe the structure of a chromosome. • Describe the purpose and the 4 major steps of the cell cycle.

9. More Images of Chromosome Replication • Objectives for Class: • Describe the structure of a chromosome. • Describe the purpose and the 4 major steps of the cell cycle.

10. Bio 9B: Thursday, 2.10.11Title: Mitosis Investigations Double Block • Homework: • Complete Discussion Questions from the Investigation • Do Now: • Why do chromosomes replicate and divide? • Today’s Objectives: • Explain how mitosis separates the cell’s DNA into two different nuclei to create two new cells

11. Why do Chromosomes Replicate? • So they can split during mitosis and separate into two new cells • Each cell gets an exactcopyof each chromosome! • Objectives for Class: • Describe the structure of a chromosome. • Describe the purpose and the 4 major steps of the cell cycle.

12. Mitosis Investigations • Investigation 1: Mitosis Trading Cards Activity • Working in Pairs, match the picture of the stage of the cell cycle and/ or stage of mitosis with the written explanation of that picture. Choose one of the following 2 options for your second Investigation • Investigation 2 Option A: Plant Cells in Mitosis • Using Microscopes, observe real plant cells in different stages of mitosis. • Investigation 2 Option B: Mitosis Pipe Cleaner Simulation • Using pipe cleaners, model the movement of chromosomes through the stages of mitosis by moving and repositioning pipe cleaners in each stage. Note: Investigation 1 should go into your notes. Investigation 2 will be completed for credit – project/ lab grade • Objectives for Class: • Explain how mitosis separates the cell’s DNA into two different nuclei to create two new cells.

13. Bio 9B: Monday, 2.14.11Title: Stages of Mitosis Investigations – Per3 • Homework: • Complete the Investigation II Discussion Questions • Do Now: 1. For each cell shown below: How many chromosomes are there? Are they un-replicated or replicated? a) b) c) 2. Why is it important for chromosomes to replicate during the cell cycle? • Today’s Objectives: • Explain how mitosis separates the cell’s DNA into two different nuclei to create two new cells

14. Mitosis Investigations • Investigation 1: Mitosis Trading Cards Activity • Working in Pairs, match the picture of the stage of the cell cycle and/ or stage of mitosis with the written explanation of that picture. Choose one of the following 2 options for your second Investigation • Investigation 2 Option A: Plant Cells in Mitosis • Using Microscopes, observe real plant cells in different stages of mitosis. • Investigation 2 Option B: Mitosis Pipe Cleaner Simulation • Using pipe cleaners, model the movement of chromosomes through the stages of mitosis by moving and repositioning pipe cleaners in each stage. Note: Investigation 1 should go into your notes. Investigation 2 will be completed for credit – project/ lab grade • Objectives for Class: • Explain how mitosis separates the cell’s DNA into two different nuclei to create two new cells.

15. Bio 9B: Tuesday, 2.15.11Title: Stages of Mitosis Review • Homework: • Study for tomorrow’s quiz – see assignment sheet for review • Do Now: • Next Slide… • Today’s Objectives: • Explain how mitosis separates the cell’s DNA into two different nuclei to create two new cells

16. Short Activity: Plant Cells in Mitosis Can you identify the different stages? • Objectives for Class: • Explain how mitosis separates the cell’s DNA into two different nuclei to create two new cells.

17. Mitosis Whole-Class Review

18. M-Phase: Mitotic Division • Mitosis: • Chromosomes separate to form two new nuclei • Cytokinesis: • Cell splits to form two new identical cells • Objectives for Class: • Describe the purpose and steps of mitosis and cytokinesis. • Draw diagrams showing how mitosis/cytokinesis separate chromosomes into two new cells. • .

19. Stages of Mitosis Step 1: Prophase Step 3: Anaphase Step 2: Metaphase Step 4: Telophase

20. Cell Division in Mitosis • Animal Cell Mitosis under the Microscope: • 12_06AnimalMitosis_SV.mpg • Stages of Mitosis Video: • Mitosis.mpg

21. Interphase Animal Cell Plant Cells • Objectives for Class: • Explain how mitosis separates the cell’s DNA into two different nuclei to create two new cells.

22. Mitosis Stages: Prophase • Mitosis begins (cell begins to divide) • Spindle fibers form between the ends (poles) of cell. • Objectives for Class: • Explain how mitosis separates the cell’s DNA into two different nuclei to create two new cells.

23. Mitosis Stages: Metaphase • Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell • Spindle fibers attach to sister chromatids, as they prepare to pull them apart • Objectives for Class: • Explain how mitosis separates the cell’s DNA into two different nuclei to create two new cells.

24. Mitosis Stages: Anaphase • Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) separate and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell • Objectives for Class: • Explain how mitosis separates the cell’s DNA into two different nuclei to create two new cells.

25. Mitosis Stages: Telophase • Two new nuclei form • Chromosomes appear as chromatin (threads rather than rods) • Mitosis ENDS • Objectives for Class: • Explain how mitosis separates the cell’s DNA into two different nuclei to create two new cells.

26. Cytokinesis • Cell membrane moves inward to create two daughter cells – each with its ownnucleuswith identical chromosomes • Objectives for Class: • Explain how mitosis separates the cell’s DNA into two different nuclei to create two new cells.

27. Stages of Mitosis • Objectives for Class: • Explain how mitosis separates the cell’s DNA into two different nuclei to create two new cells.

28. Mitosis Individual Review Time

29. Quiz Review: DNA Structure & Replication and the Cell Cycle • Diagram and describe the structure of DNA and… • Label the following parts: • deoxyribose sugar • phosphate • nitrogenous bases • hydrogen bonds. • Show proper pairing between nitrogenous bases. • Define each of the following terms and explain how they all relate to each other: • DNA • Genes • Chromosomes • Nucleotides • Describe the steps of DNA replication. • Diagram and describe the structure of a chromosome. • Draw a chromosome and label the centromere and sister chromatids. • Distinguish between un-replicated and replicated chromosomes. • Explain the purpose and overall result of the cell cycle. • Describe what happens in each step of the cell cycle: • Interphase • G1 phase • S phase • G2 phase • Mitosis • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase • Cytokinesis • Draw and/or label a diagram of mitosis.

30. Bio 9B: Wednesday, 2.16.11Title: Quiz – DNA Structure Replication and the Cell Cycle • Homework: • None • Do Now: • Clear your desks and get ready for the quiz • Today’s Objectives: • Demonstrate knowledge of DNA and the Cell Cycle on a quiz Double Block

31. Quiz:DNA Structure & Replication and the Cell Cycle • No talking • If you have a question or need something from your bag, please raise your hand and ask permission • When done, please put your quiz face down on the kidney table in the appropriate pile (version A or version B). • No Homework!

32. Bio 9B: Thursday, 2.16.11Title: Movie – Dinosaurs: Return to Life Double Block • Homework: • None: Enjoy Break! • Do Now: • How do cells differentiate to become different types of cells if they all have the same DNA? • Today’s Objectives:

33. Dinosaurs: Return to Life • Complete the “guided viewing” packet while watching the video. • Write questions down while viewing • We will follow-up with a short discussion after the movie.

34. Transition to RNA Structure and Function PowerPoint • ..\RNA, Transcription, Translation\PHA_Bio9_RNA_9B.pptx