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South America. Objectives . Student will demonstrate knowledge of major civilizations of the Western Hemisphere, including the Mayan, Aztec, and Incan by Describing the geographic relationship, with emphasis on patterns of development in terms of climate and physical features
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Objectives • Student will demonstrate knowledge of major civilizations of the Western Hemisphere, including the Mayan, Aztec, and Incan by • Describing the geographic relationship, with emphasis on patterns of development in terms of climate and physical features • Describing cultural patterns and political and economic structures • Essential Questions • What were the characteristics of Mayan, Aztec, and Incan civilizations
Early Civilizations • Caral • 1200 B.C. • Located in the Supe River Valley of Peru • Contains buildings, apartments, and stone buildings • Irrigation systems • Moche • 200 B.C. • Pacific coast of Ecuador • Urban center • Grew crops: maize, peanuts, potatoes, cotton • Capital of powerful state • Pottery and paintings
Early Civilizations • Chavin • 850 B.C. • Huge temple complex • Worshiped ferocious god, part jaguar-part man • Nazca • Etched glyphs into desert • Southern Peru
The Inca • Arose in 1200’s • Inca started as small group near Cuzco • Word was originally the name of the ruling family of a group of people living in high plateau of the Andes • Located in the high mountains in Peru • Incan beginnings • Belief the Incan ruler was descended from the Sun god Inti • Worshiped dead rulers, preserved as sacred mummies
Pachacuti • Pachacuti • 1438 C.E. took the throne • Claimed himself Sapa Inca, or Emperor • Expanded the Incan state • By 1500 C.E. the Incan empire covered over 2500 miles • Accomplished through diplomacy and military force • Lived in splendor • Never wore same clothes twice • Built Cuzco into a capital city
Inca Political Structure • 12 million people in Incan empire • Incan state built on war • Offered enemy an honorable surrender before war • Allow them to keep customs and rulers in exchange for loyalty to Incan state • All young men required to serve in army • Single official language: Quechua • Incans built cities in conquered areas • All roads led to Cuzco • 24,800 miles built • Two major roadways went north-south • One in the Andes, one along the coast • Rest houses and storage depots were placed along roads
Incan Political Structure • Empire divided into 4 quarters • Each ruled by a governor • Quarters were divided into provinces • Each province had around 10,000 people • Families divided into groups of 10, 100, 1000, and 10000 • Emperor was at the top of the system • Descended from sun god, Inti • Community cooperation • Small groups called ayllu worked together for the common good • Used to build roads, irrigation canals, agricultural terraces, and stored food • Labor was used as a tribute, called Mita • Required all able-body citizens to work a certain number of days every year
Socialist State? • Incan state controlled most economic activity • Regulated the production and distribution of goods • Allowed little private commerce or trade • Land ownership divided into three parts • State, religious, and community lands • Citizens expected to work for state • Cared for in return • Aged and disabled were supported by state • People didn’t go hungry in bad harvest • Government stored freeze-dried potatoes in warehouses in case of emergencies
Incan Social Structure • Society and life was structured • Based on ayllu, extended family group • Chief led group, part of chain of command • Marriage • Men and women required to pick partner from within own social groups • Women • Expected to care for children and weave cloth • Only exception were priestesses • Rural Areas • People lived by farming • Created terraces and irrigation system • Planted corn and potatoes • Lived in stone homes or adobes
Daily Life • Farming • Expanded hillside terraces • Terraces kept rain from washing away soil • Spent part of year working for emperor • Metalworking • Best metalworkers in Americas • Learned to work and alloy, or bend, copper, bronze, silver, and gold • Medical Advances • Surgery on human skull • Created clean operating areas • Made patient unconscious with a drug
Building and Culture • Great Builders • Cuzco • Administrative and ceremonial capital of Incan Empire • Temples, plazas, and palaces • Temple of the Sun • Sacred shrine • Decorated in gold • Fine streets, houses made of stone • Did not use wheel for construction
Machu Picchu • Machu Picchu • Ceremonial religious center? • Retreat for Incan rulers? • Sun temple • Public buildings • Central plaza • Water system
Culture • No writing system • History and literature part of oral tradition • Kept records with Quipu • System of knotted strings • Knots and their positions counted • Colors told what was being counted • i.e. yellow= gold • Court theater • Tragedies and comedies • Actors were members of nobility • Poetry recited and music played
Religion • Reinforced power of the state • Worshipped less gods than the Aztec • Focused on key natural spirits • Moon, stars, thunder • Balance of nature • Patterns in how humans should relate to each other and the earth • Religious Practices • Sun-worship services • Priestesses-Led services • Trained in rituals • Sacrificed Ilamas
Conquest of the Inca • Breakdown of Inca • Began to occur in early 1500s at height of empire • 1531 • Francisco Pizarro arrives with 180 men on pacific coast • Brings steel weapons, gunpowder, and horses • Also brought smallpox • Emperor died of smallpox, his sons fought over ruling the empire • Led to civil war • Pizarro took advantage and took Cuzco • By 1535, Pizarro had established Lima as the new capital of the colony of the Spanish Empire
Incan Mummies • Death was important part of life • Worshiped spirits and bodies of ancestors • Believed in afterlife • Tombs and mummies considered holy • Mummies • Embalmed • Bundled with offerings like food, tools, precious items
Review - Objectives • Student will demonstrate knowledge of major civilizations of the Western Hemisphere, including the Mayan, Aztec, and Incan by • Describing the geographic relationship, with emphasis on patterns of development in terms of climate and physical features • Describing cultural patterns and political and economic structures • Essential Questions • What were the characteristics of Mayan, Aztec, and Incan civilizations
