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The Computer As a New Space for Communication

The Computer As a New Space for Communication. Susana Tosca.

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The Computer As a New Space for Communication

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  1. The Computer As a New Space for Communication Susana Tosca <BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><IMG SRC="notredamedeparis.gif" BORDER=0 width=400 height=96></DIV> <BR><BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><DIV class=titrenews> Livre premier </DIV><DIV class=bolfr> Chapitre un </DIV><DIV style="font-size: 15pt; color: black;">La grand'salle </DIV></DIV><BR><P> Il y a aujourd'hui trois cent quarante-huit ans six mois et dix-neufjours que les parisiens s'éveillèrent au bruit de toutesles cloches sonnant à grande volée dans la triple enceintede la Cité, de l'Université et de la Ville.<p>Ce n'est cependant pas un jour dont l'histoire ait gardé souvenirque le 6 janvier 1482. Rien de notable dans l'événement quimettait ainsi en branle, dès le matin, les cloches et les bourgeoisde Paris. Ce n'était ni un assaut de picards ou de bourguignons,ni une châsse menée en procession, ni une révolte

  2. “Ceci tuera cela” Victor Hugo, Notre-Dame de Paris as commented by J.David Bolter

  3. apocaliptic/integrated “There are no attributes that I can imagine that would make screen reading preferable to page reading – just as there are no prosthesis I can think of that would improve love-making.” Sven Birketts “All nonfiction books, reference works, journals and such will be available to read on screen or to download to one´s computer within 15 years.” Leona Weiss <BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><IMG SRC="notredamedeparis.gif" BORDER=0 width=400height=96></DIV> <BR><BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><DIV class=titrenews>Livre premier</DIV><DIV class=bolfr> Chapitre un </DIV><DIV style="font-size: 15pt; color: black;">La grand'salle </DIV></DIV><BR><P>

  4. communication has changed • PAPER • - production: incunabula, Gutenberg, laser printing, eBooks... • disposition + typography: words, paragraphs, indexes... • looks: more and more images, aesthetics from different media influence each other • RADIO + TELEVISION • return of orality, time and space • own genres <BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><IMG SRC="notredamedeparis.gif" BORDER=0 width=400height=96></DIV> <BR><BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><DIV class=titrenews>Livre premier</DIV><DIV class=bolfr> Chapitre un </DIV><DIV style="font-size: 15pt; color: black;">La grand'salle </DIV></DIV><BR><P>

  5. Bolter • electronic text is text on text • writing in layers (p. 15) • hypertext: writing with intrinsic and extrinsic significance (p. 16) • writing topically (p. 18-21) • writing as a technology • looking at and looking through the text <BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><IMG SRC="notredamedeparis.gif" BORDER=0 width=400height=96></DIV> <BR><BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><DIV class=titrenews>Livre premier</DIV><DIV class=bolfr> Chapitre un </DIV><DIV style="font-size: 15pt; color: black;">La grand'salle </DIV></DIV><BR><P>

  6. so... e-text can be: • Multilinear Hypertext (structure) • Disparate Markup languages (separates content from design) • Dynamic Multimedia (temporal & spatial dimensions) • Interactive Databases (flexible & searchable) <BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><IMG SRC="notredamedeparis.gif" BORDER=0 width=400height=96></DIV> <BR><BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><DIV class=titrenews>Livre premier</DIV><DIV class=bolfr> Chapitre un </DIV><DIV style="font-size: 15pt; color: black;">La grand'salle </DIV></DIV><BR><P>

  7. "Hypertext is a computer-based structure for organizing information that makes possible to connect text units (different sizes, categories and natures) electronically (links) within the same document or to external documents. It requires active manipulation by the reader in order to be read/wread/used, apart from the cognitive activity common to all reading.“ what is hypertext? TEXT + LINKS = HYPERTEXT example <BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><IMG SRC="notredamedeparis.gif" BORDER=0 width=400height=96></DIV> <BR><BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><DIV class=titrenews>Livre premier</DIV><DIV class=bolfr> Chapitre un </DIV><DIV style="font-size: 15pt; color: black;">La grand'salle </DIV></DIV><BR><P>

  8. a hypertextual edition:Sirens <BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><IMG SRC="notredamedeparis.gif" BORDER=0 width=400height=96></DIV> <BR><BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><DIV class=titrenews>Livre premier</DIV><DIV class=bolfr> Chapitre un </DIV><DIV style="font-size: 15pt; color: black;">La grand'salle </DIV></DIV><BR><P>

  9. e-text can be: • Multilinear Hypertext (structure) • Disparate Markup languages (separates content from design) • Dynamic Multimedia (temporal & spatial dimensions) • Interactive Databases (flexible & searchable) <BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><IMG SRC="notredamedeparis.gif" BORDER=0 width=400height=96></DIV> <BR><BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><DIV class=titrenews>Livre premier</DIV><DIV class=bolfr> Chapitre un </DIV><DIV style="font-size: 15pt; color: black;">La grand'salle </DIV></DIV><BR><P>

  10. tagging or markup of text Origins Began as symbols from publisher to printer to indicate how text should be laid out on a page Markup conventions varied from publisher to publisher and printer to printer Electronic text markup With the move from manually setting metal type to computerised text, markup became part of the electronic text Markup is anything above and beyond the actual character codes that give us the plain text. Usually separated from text with angle brackets <html> • Types of markup: • descriptive • presentational <BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><IMG SRC="notredamedeparis.gif" BORDER=0 width=400height=96></DIV> <BR><BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><DIV class=titrenews>Livre premier</DIV><DIV class=bolfr> Chapitre un </DIV><DIV style="font-size: 15pt; color: black;">La grand'salle </DIV></DIV><BR><P>

  11. markup formats: from HTML to SGML, XML... SGML (Standard General Markup Language) <PARA>”Come here, Mr. Watson, I need you!”</PARA> <PARA>”<VERB>Come</VERB> here, Mr. Watson, I <VERB>need</VERB> you!”<PARA> XML (eXtensible Markup Language) • Both need a DTD (Document Type Definition) to specify rules: • Element names <H1> • Attribute names and default values (The A tag can take the HREF attribute: <A HREF=“http://www.brookes.ac.uk/”></A> ) • Rules about element nesting <p><b>word</b></p> • Names for all your entities (i.e. The entity name for éis &eacute, because the character is generated differently in Macs and PCs) • Sometimes objects need to be given unique identifiers

  12. Separating content from design: • More control over documents • Different display for different output devices • Change content without changing design (and viceversa) • Improved accesibility for impaired people (i.e. text can be audio) <BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><IMG SRC="notredamedeparis.gif" BORDER=0 width=400height=96></DIV> <BR><BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><DIV class=titrenews>Livre premier</DIV><DIV class=bolfr> Chapitre un </DIV><DIV style="font-size: 15pt; color: black;">La grand'salle </DIV></DIV><BR><P>

  13. e-text can be: • Multilinear Hypertext (structure) • Disparate Markup languages (separates content from design) • Dynamic Multimedia (temporal & spatial dimensions) • Interactive Databases (flexible & searchable) <BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><IMG SRC="notredamedeparis.gif" BORDER=0 width=400height=96></DIV> <BR><BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><DIV class=titrenews>Livre premier</DIV><DIV class=bolfr> Chapitre un </DIV><DIV style="font-size: 15pt; color: black;">La grand'salle </DIV></DIV><BR><P>

  14. Dynamic text and multimedia • The focus is on design • Bring new dimensions to text: • Space • Time • Bring new languages together (visual, audio, video, animation...) • Technologies/Trends: Flash, Director, Java, javascript, cgi scripts... example <BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><IMG SRC="notredamedeparis.gif" BORDER=0 width=400height=96></DIV> <BR><BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><DIV class=titrenews>Livre premier</DIV><DIV class=bolfr> Chapitre un </DIV><DIV style="font-size: 15pt; color: black;">La grand'salle </DIV></DIV><BR><P>

  15. so... e-text can be: • Multilinear Hypertext (structure) • Disparate Markup languages (separates content from design) • Dynamic Multimedia (temporal & spatial dimensions) • Interactive Databases (flexible & searchable) <BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><IMG SRC="notredamedeparis.gif" BORDER=0 width=400height=96></DIV> <BR><BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><DIV class=titrenews>Livre premier</DIV><DIV class=bolfr> Chapitre un </DIV><DIV style="font-size: 15pt; color: black;">La grand'salle </DIV></DIV><BR><P>

  16. interactivity: databases • Generates multiple documents from the same data (updating and searching much easier) • Ideal for managing vast quantities of data (i.e. catalogues, e-commerce...) • Dynamic webpages (vs static) • Community support (registration of users, access privileges, forms...) <BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><IMG SRC="notredamedeparis.gif" BORDER=0 width=400height=96></DIV> <BR><BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><DIV class=titrenews>Livre premier</DIV><DIV class=bolfr> Chapitre un </DIV><DIV style="font-size: 15pt; color: black;">La grand'salle </DIV></DIV><BR><P>

  17. how does it work? Web Server Interface Technology: ASP, CGI... SQL... Pages created Dynamically. USER’S COMPUTER DATA kept in the database example <BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><IMG SRC="notredamedeparis.gif" BORDER=0 width=400height=96></DIV> <BR><BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><DIV class=titrenews>Livre premier</DIV><DIV class=bolfr> Chapitre un </DIV><DIV style="font-size: 15pt; color: black;">La grand'salle </DIV></DIV><BR><P>

  18. e-text can be: • Multilinear Hypertext (structure) • Disparate Markup languages (separates content from design) • Dynamic Multimedia (temporal & spatial dimensions) • Interactive Databases (flexible & searchable) <BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><IMG SRC="notredamedeparis.gif" BORDER=0 width=400height=96></DIV> <BR><BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><DIV class=titrenews>Livre premier</DIV><DIV class=bolfr> Chapitre un </DIV><DIV style="font-size: 15pt; color: black;">La grand'salle </DIV></DIV><BR><P>

  19. Some types of E-communication • -Fiction/Poetry • -Self publishing (blog, website) • Encyclopedia • Directory or reference work • Research Journal • Journalism • Bibliography • Magazine • Tourist/other kinds of guides • Art book • Corporate site (Information, advertisement, official)... genres <BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><IMG SRC="notredamedeparis.gif" BORDER=0 width=400height=96></DIV> <BR><BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><DIV class=titrenews>Livre premier</DIV><DIV class=bolfr> Chapitre un </DIV><DIV style="font-size: 15pt; color: black;">La grand'salle </DIV></DIV><BR><P>

  20. Some types of E-communication • -Fiction/Poetry (Multimedia, multilinearity, critical editions, educational value) • -Self publishing (blog, website) • Encyclopedia (Update, links to other material, multimedia) • Directory or reference work (Searchable, update) • Research Journal (Quicker publication date, cheaper) • Journalism (Update, multimedia, other added value) • Bibliography (Searchable capacities) • Magazine (Update, other services) • Tourist/other kinds of guides (update, book online...) • Art book (Multimedia) • Corporate site (Information, advertisement, official)... genres + advantages <BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><IMG SRC="notredamedeparis.gif" BORDER=0 width=400height=96></DIV> <BR><BR><DIV style="text-align: center;"><DIV class=titrenews>Livre premier</DIV><DIV class=bolfr> Chapitre un </DIV><DIV style="font-size: 15pt; color: black;">La grand'salle </DIV></DIV><BR><P>

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