Chapter 10 2013

1. Chapter 10 2013

2. objectives • Investigate early African civilizations • Analyze the geographical elements and how they influences the early people of Africa.

3. Chapter 10 section 1 Early civilizations in Africa

4. Geography of Africa • World second largest continent in both population and area.

5. The Savanna region • 40% of Africa • Trees, thorn brushes, and tall grasses • Rarely below 50* • Serengeti Plains

6. The Desert region • 40% of the continent • Sahara in the north • largest • 3.5 million square miles • As big as the united states • Kalahari in the south

7. The Forest region • Less than 20% • 8% Rain forest • Average temperature of 77* • Never below 68 • 155 inches of rain yearly

9. Daily Life in Africa • Earliest- hunter/ gathers- nomads • 10,000 B. C. Agriculture • Civilization----Kingdoms • Africa today • People still live in the rainforest and desert as hunter/ gather---nomads

10. African Society • Most people lived in small villages • Lineage group- several extended families combined to make a community • Patriarchal • Father is head of family • Matriarchal • Mother is head of family

11. Religion • Most believed in a supreme creator God with lesser gods • Some Kings were considered Gods or that God’s spoke through the Kings • Priests who were also healers • Some believed ancestors were very close to the Gods and were honored • By ritual ceremonies

12. Many believed that a family’s children were that reborn spirits of their deceased ancestors • Bride price or bride wealth- paid for loss of the daughter labor

13. Villages had social classes • Elders made up the government • Farmers and craft workers middle class • Captives (slaves) the lowest class

14. Music • Dances- elaborate, for special occasions such as marriages, even death • Call and response pattern • Leader sang out a short bit of music and people sang it back accompanied by drums or other percussion instruments

15. Past to Present Music African Thumb Piano Modern day piano

16. Kora-harp lute Banjo

17. African Drums

18. Trumpets

19. Literature • Folktales-traditional stories handed down from generation to generation • Griots- people who memorized and recited important cultural and historical events • Animals tales and human characters • pitting small animals against larger, stronger animals • The trickster character

20. Chapter 10 section 1Page 226 Due in 13 minutes • Critical thinking • ( At least 3 sentences) • Write about Geography • ( at least 5 sentences

21. Section 2 kingdoms of West Africa

22. Ancient Ghana • First known western African kingdom • Richest kings • Salt and gold at the heart of the trade • Charged a tax to pass through Ghana • The ships of the desert • The camel

23. Exported to the North Paper Slaves gold Imported from the North Silk Cotton glass beads Horses mirrors dates salt

24. Berbers- earliest settlers of North Africa charted the first routes across the Sahara more than 2,500 years ago Arab conquerors spread the Islamic religion throughout North Africa

25. Ghana falls • Muslim Berbers launched a jihad against Ghana • Two empires arose • Mali----1240-1400A.D. • Songhai---1464-1500’s • Both Muslim cities

26. The Empire of Mali“where the Emperor resides” 1230 - 1468

27. Socially, politically, and economically similar to Ghana • Control of gold mines = wealth • Emperor changed to Islam

28. Timbuktu • Mali’s most important city • Major hub • Gold • Slaves • Salt

29. Center of Islamic learning • Mosques • 150 Islamic schools • Law schools • Book dealers • Cosmopolitan community

30. Wealthiest ruler ever known Pilgrimage to Mecca 60,000 people 100 elephants Huge amount of gold given away Mansa Musa(1312 – 1337)

31. The Empire of Songhai(1464 – 1591) • Great traders and warriors • Trade across the Sahara has included African slaves. • Conquered Timbuktu • Allowed African to practice their traditional religion and not have to convert to Islam

32. Strict Social System • Descendants of the original Songhai people • Traders, merchants and soldiers • Prisoners of war (slaves)

33. Due in 13 minutespage 231 • Critical thinking • 3 or more sentences • Write about Culture • 5 or more sentences

34. Section 3 Major Kingdoms of East Africa

35. Aksum • Located in what is now Ethiopia and Eritrea • Established around 1000B.C. by Arabic people • Christian kingdom • Decline to become The east African kingdom of Ethiopia

36. Major trading centerFirst African Civilization south of the Sahara to use of coins made of gold, silver and copper Import • Olive oil • silver • Gold Export • Ivory • slaves • raw materials • Copper, brass and glass beads

37. Stelae • carved pillars- made from granite blocks • Grave markers of rulers tombs • 120 stelae were found

38. Kingdom of Ethiopia • One of the oldest kingdoms • Connection to Aksum • Trade, Culture and Christian religion • Christian kingdom

39. Swahili • Both a group of people and a language • A mixture of Arabic and Buntu people • Islamic religion • Many city-states along the coast • Huge trading center on the east coast • Fall- Portuguese

40. Zimbabwe • 400 years city was completely enclosed. • Walls 16 feet thick---30 feet high. • Not built for defense but as display of power • Control of trade and cattle herds+ wealth • Do not know for sure what happen to them. • Over farmed—drought • Population growth • Shortages in water/ trees for firewood

41. Page 240 • Answer questions 1-23 for an in-class assignment