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Life Cycle Analysis and Resource Management

Life Cycle Analysis and Resource Management. Dr. Forbes McDougall Procter & Gamble UK. Presentation aims:. 1) Examine the use of LCA within an overall environmental management framework to assess the environmental impact of packaging options and waste management systems

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Life Cycle Analysis and Resource Management

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  1. Life Cycle Analysis and Resource Management Dr. Forbes McDougall Procter & Gamble UK

  2. Presentation aims: • 1) Examine the use of LCA within an overall environmental management framework to assess the environmental impact of packaging options and waste management systems • 2) Look at how LCA can be applied to packaging, products and waste management • 3) Use LCA to help assess the cost effectiveness of specific environmental initiatives

  3. Sustainability is : A balance between the needs of the Environment, the Economy and Society SUSTAINABILITY Environmentally effective Economically affordable Socially acceptable

  4. An environmental management framework OBJECTIVE Economically (and technically) Feasible, Socially acceptable, Environmental Management towards Sustainability

  5. 1. Ensure Human and 2. Ensure Regulatory Environmental Safety Compliance OBJECTIVE Economically (and technically) Feasible, Socially acceptable, Environmental Management towards Sustainability 3. Ensure Efficient 4. Ensure Social Concerns Resource Use and are Addressed Waste Management An environmental management framework

  6. • Manufacturing site mgmt.. systems auditing • Manufacturing site wastes reporting • Material consumption reporting • New chemicals testing and registration • Product & packaging classification & labeling Resource Use and Waste Management An environmental management framework Regulatory Compliance Safety • Human Health Risk Assessment • Ecological Risk Assessment OBJECTIVE Economically (and technically) Feasible, Socially acceptable, Environmental Management • Economic analysis • Product & process LCA • Eco-design • Disposal company auditing • Material consumption monitoring and reduction • Manufacturing site mgmt. systems auditing • Manufacturing site environmental auditing • Auditing major & new suppliers towards Sustainability • Understand & anticipate • Interact Addressing Social Concerns

  7. An environmental management framework Regulatory Compliance Safety • Manufacturing site mgmt.. systems auditing • Human Health Risk Assessment • Ecological Risk Assessment • Manufacturing site wastes reporting • Material consumption reporting • New chemicals testing and registration • Product & packaging classification & labeling OBJECTIVE Economically (and technically) Feasible, Socially acceptable, Environmental Management • Economic analysis • Product & process LCA • Eco-design • Disposal company auditing • Material consumption monitoring and reduction • Manufacturing site mgmt. systems auditing • Manufacturing site environmental auditing • Auditing major & new suppliers towards Sustainability • Understand & anticipate • Interact Resource Use and Addressing Social Concerns Waste Management Data Organisation DECISION MAKING

  8. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) within the overall environmental management framework • RESOURCE USE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT • Economic analysis • Product and process LCA • Eco-design • Disposal company auditing • Material consumption monitoring and reduction • Manufacturing site management systems auditing • Auditing major & new suppliers

  9. Phases of LCA (taken from ISO 14040) Life Cycle Assessment framework Goal & scope definition Interpretation • Direct applications : • Product development and improvement. • Strategic planning. • Public policy making. • Marketing. • Other. Inventory Analysis Impact Assessment - included in an LCI study - not included in an LCI study

  10. Decreasing objectivity and reliability across a LCA

  11. The Impact Assessment phase of LCA: • is a simple indicator system • has no direct linkage to environmental effects or significance • often uses subjective judgments and scores • is not easy to use for comparisons

  12. What is a Life Cycle Inventory? • The first two stages of a full Life Cycle Assessment • Goal definition • Inventory analysis • Together constitute the process of Life Cycle Inventory

  13. What does a LCI do? • LCI is a tool for predicting the environmental burdens associated with particular products or services • A LCI is an inventory of all the systems : • Inputs (in terms of resources, including energy) • Outputs (in terms of emissions to air water and land) • LCI can therefore identify opportunities to optimize life cycles by: • Reducing resource use • Producing fewer emissions

  14. System boundary for a Life Cycle Inventory Raw Material Sourcing Processing INPUTS OUTPUTS Manufacture Energy Water Raw Materials Airborne emissions Waterborne emissions Solid Waste Distribution Use Post consumer Disposal

  15. Raw Material extraction Manufacture Distribution Use Waste management Life Cycle of a Product LCI BOUNDARY

  16. PRODUCTS Raw Material extraction Manufacture Distribution Use Waste management LCA BOUNDARY Life Cycle of Solid Waste

  17. PRODUCTS Raw Material extraction Manufacture LCA for Manufacturers Distribution Use Waste management LCA for Waste Managers Practical Environment Optimisation

  18. Detergent LCI: results Overall profile for the UK (compact detergent) 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 BOD 20.0 Solid waste 10.0 CO2 0.0 Energy Supply Consumer Manufacturing WWTP Packaging

  19. Detergent LCI: interpretation of results • > 70% of energy consumption occurs at consumer phase, due to heating of water. • CO2 emissions are mainly energy related. • > 98% of the BOD emissions occur at the WWTP, this represents less than 8% of total BOD present in product (weighted average). • Solid waste represents ashes from energy combustion, packaging and sludge generation.

  20. Nappy LCA: results UK Environment Agency study May 2005 • Concluded: • “there was no significant difference between any of the environmental impacts – that is, overall no system clearly had a better or worse environmental performance.”

  21. Sustainable Waste Management Needs to be • Environmentally effective • Economically affordable • Socially acceptable

  22. Reuse Reduce Materials Recovery Energy Recovery Landfill/ Incineration (without Energy Recovery) A Waste Management Hierarchy A hierarchy lists options in order of “preference”

  23. Waste Hierarchy Has limitations • Has no measurable scientific basis • Cannot consider combinations of treatment technologies • Does not address cost issues

  24. Solid Waste Management Sustainable Systems can be engineered by : • Accepting the concept of an integrated approach to solid waste management • Using a Life Cycle Assessment tool (computer model) to optimise the integrated waste management system

  25. IWM : Takes an overall approach and manages waste in an environmentally effective and economically affordable way Involves the use of a range of different treatment options at a local level Considers the entire solid waste stream Integrated Waste Management (IWM) The Concept

  26. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT MATERIALS RECYCLING COLLECTION & SORTING THERMAL TREATMENT LANDFILL Integrated Waste Management (IWM) Includes :

  27. IWM Systems How can we plan systems that are environmentally and economically sustainable ? • Overall environmental burdens(Overall economic cost) • Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) tool makes this possible

  28. OUTPUTS Air Emissions Water Emissions Residual Landfill Material INPUTS Waste Energy Other Materials Money BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT MATERIALS RECYCLING COLLECTION & SORTING THERMAL TREATMENT LANDFILL Secondary Materials Compost Useful Energy PRODUCTS Integrated Waste Management A Life Cycle Assessment

  29. PRODUCTS PRODUCTS Raw material sourcing Raw material sourcing Manufacture Manufacture Distribution Distribution Retail Retail USE USE IWM Waste Management Waste Management INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT SEGREGATED WASTE MANAGEMENT Environmental Effectiveness

  30. Solid Waste A Life Cycle Model • LCA originally used to compare products/packaging from “cradle to grave” • A Life Cycle model for solid waste calculates: • total energy consumption • emissions to air and water • final solid waste • (overall economic costs)

  31. Life Cycle Models Results • Net energy consumption • Air emissions • Water emissions • Landfill volume (residual) • Recovered materials • Compost

  32. From Life Cycle Model results to sustainability • Environmental sustainability • more useful products • less emissions • less final inert waste • less energy consumed • (Economic sustainability) • less money to pay for the system

  33. Using LCA to help assess the cost effectiveness of specific environmental initiatives Use existing waste management strategy as “Baseline”, model entire system including all relevant costs Compare the performance of different Integrated Waste Management strategies Choose optimum Integrated Waste Management strategy based on needs of local environment, economy and population Strategy development Comparisons using Life Cycle model results

  34. How to choose between options ? • Single criterion - where there is a single over-riding concern (e.g. lack of landfill space) • Multiple criteria - where more than one issue is important (e.g. energy consumption and air emissions) • “Less is better” - where one option is lower in all categories • Impact analysis - combine categories that contribute to the same effect such as global warming

  35. LCA Conclusions • IWM concept and LCA tools can help us move towards affordable environmental sustainability • Using LCA is better than other arbitrary approaches • More and higher quality data are needed, to make better decisions • A variety of waste management systems are required to meet local needs

  36. Our contribution English version - combined sales of over 10,000 copies Also available in Spanish, Chinese and Japanese Life Cycle models for Municipal Solid Waste now produced by UK EA, US EPA, and in Germany, Austria, Netherlands, France, Portugal, Australia ……

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