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PRONOUNS

PRONOUNS. KINDS OF PRONOUNS. Personal (şahıs zamirleri) Demonstrative ( işaret zamirleri ) Intensive (vurgu zamirleri) Reflexive ( d önüşlü z amirler) Indefinite (belgisiz zamirler) Relative ( ilgi zamirleri ) Interrogative ( soru zamirleri ) Reciprocal ( işteş zamirler ).

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PRONOUNS

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  1. PRONOUNS

  2. KINDS OF PRONOUNS Personal (şahıs zamirleri)Demonstrative(işaret zamirleri) Intensive (vurgu zamirleri) Reflexive(dönüşlü zamirler) Indefinite (belgisiz zamirler) Relative(ilgi zamirleri) Interrogative(soru zamirleri) Reciprocal(işteşzamirler)

  3. PERSONAL PRONOUNS (şahıs zamirleri) Subject: I/you/he/she/it/we/they Object: me/you/him/her/it/us/them Possessive adj:my/your/his/her/its/our/their Possessive pron: mine/yours/his/herours/theirs

  4. DETAILS for the personal pronouns

  5. HE • Atasözlerinde “anyone” demektir. Hem erkek hem bayan kastedilir He who hesitates is lost? (Tereddüt eden kişi kaybeder) • Cinsiyetin önemli olmadığı durumlarda daha önce zikredilmiş bir grup için [eski kullanım] Every child needs to know that he is loved.

  6. SHE • Ülkeler, gemiler ve bazen diğer araçlar için kullanılmaktadır. When the titanic sank, nobody believed that it was possible to save her.

  7. WE • Tüm insanlar anlamında, konuşan ve dinleyiciler de dahil. We must protect the environment against pollution.

  8. THEY • Tüm insanlar anlamında: They say inflation will never comedown. (Derler ki enflasyon asla inmeyecek) • –body ve –one kombinasyonları yerine kullanılır. Yüklem tekildir! Everyonehas passed theirexam, haven’tthey? Has everyone got theirbooks?

  9. IT • Kim olduğunu bilmediğimiz insanlar için “Knock….knock…..knock!” “Who is it?” “It’s your driver sir.” • Cinsiyeti bilinmeyen bebekler; What a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl? • Sıcaklık, hava, mesafe ve zaman için (temperature, weather, distance or time) How long is it to the station?(for time or distance) It’s early/late. It’s 5 am. It was Friday the 13th (for time) It’s cold/warm. It’s raining/snowing/freezing. (for weather)

  10. IT • -thingkombinasyonlarının zamiri olarak (everything, something, anything, nothing) Everything was ready, wasn’t it? • Introductory it a) For to infinitives: It was foolish to live the car there. b) For that clauses: It is a pity that you can’t come with us. c) for gerunds It is no use shouting. (Bağırmanın faydası yok) d) At cleft sentences: It is N + relative clauseÇoğulluk veya cinsiyet durumu değiştirmez. Itis Tom who signs the letters, not Bill . (not He is Tom who signs…) It is more nurses that we need, not more doctors .(not They are more nurses...)

  11. possessive pronouns • OWN sahiplik belirtir. Vurgu için kullanılır: my/your etc. +own+ N It’s my own house. (Benim kendi evim) It is my very own house. (Benim kendi evim) • OWN şu kalıpla da sık sık kullanılır: a+N+of+my/your etc.+own This is a car of my own = This is my own car. It is a fault of your own = It is your own fault.

  12. possessive pronouns • “The” asla iyelik zamiri veya sıfatıyla kullanılmaz. He is my friend. (not He is the my friend) Here is my best friend. (not Here is my the best friend) • a noun + of+mine/yours etc. A friend of mine = one of my friends. A good idea of yours = one of your good ideas. A student of hers = one of her students.

  13. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS(İşaret Zamirleri) • Bu kelimeler (this/that/these/those/such) pronounsveyadeterminersolarakgörev yapabilmektedirler. That is incredible! (referring to something you just saw) I will never forget this. (referring to a recent experience) Such is my belief. (referring to an explanation just made) These [pancakes sitting here now on my plate] are delicious. Those [pancakes that I had yesterday morning] were even better.

  14. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS(İşaret Zamirleri) • Hususi türdeki bir şey(ler)e veya kişi(ler)e atıfta bulunurken thatveya those kullanılır, this veya these değil. Salaries are higher here than those (which are) in my countries. I want this horse more than that (which) you offer me.

  15. INTENSIVE PRONOUNS(vurgu zamirleri) • Intensive pronouns ( myself, yourself, herself, ourselves, themselves) vurguladıkları isimden sonra gelirler. Vurguladıkları isim özneyse cümle sonuna taşınabilirler. Tom himself went to New York (=Tom went to New York himself.) (Tom’un bizzat kendisi New York’a gitti.) Ann herself opened the door (=Ann opened the door herself.) (Ann kapıyı bizzat kendi açtı) I myself don't know the answer. (=I don’t know the answer myself) (Ben şahsen cevabı bilmiyorum)

  16. INTENSIVE PRONOUNS(vurgu zamirleri) • Aksi takdirde (isim özne değilse)niteledikleri ismin hemen peşi sıra gelirler I didn’t meet the queen herself.(Kraliçenin bizzat kendisiyle karşılaşmadım)

  17. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS (Dönüşlü Zamirler) • Yukarıdaki zamirlerin aynı kullanılır. Ancak burada zamirler bizzat nesne konumundadır. Vurgu amaçlı kullanılmazlar. He cut himself when he was shaving. (Tıraş olurken kendini kesti) The record player switched itself off. (Kaset çalar kendisini kapattı)

  18. DİKKAT • Bu yapılar birbirleri(ni) anlamına gelmezler. Bunun için each otherveya one another kullanılır. Ann and Tom blamed each other.(Ann ve Tom birbirlerini suçladı.) They looked at themselves in the mirror. (Aynada kendilerine baktılar) They looked at each other in the mirror. (Aynada birbirlerine baktılar)

  19. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS (Dönüşlü Zamirler) • Bu tür zamirler çok sık olarak butsonrasında kullanılmaktadır. He insulted no one but himself. (Başkasına değil, kendisinehakaret etti.) They accused no one but themselves.(Kendilerinden başka hiç kimseyi suçlamadılar)

  20. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS (Dönüşlü Zamirler) • BY MYSELF etc. = yalnız tek başıma anlamına gelir.ON MY (etc) OWNeş anlamlı bir yapıdır. I didn’t do it by myself / on my own. (Onu tek başıma yapmadım) Did you go on your holiday by yourself / on your own? (Tatile yalnız başına mı gittin?)

  21. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS(Belirsiz Zamirler) • –body, -one, -thing kombinasyonları belirsiz zamirlerdir. Everyone / everybody took his seat. [formal] Everyone / everybody took his or her seat. [formal, rare] Everyone / everybody took their seat. [informal, common]

  22. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS(Belirsiz Zamirler) • Aşağıdakiler aynı zamanda determinerolarak kullanılır: enough, few, fewer, less, little, many, much, several, more, most, all, both, each, any, either, neither, none, some, one Few will be chosen; fewer will finish. Little is expected. One of the boys will help you.

  23. RELATIVE PRONOUNS (İlgi Zamirleri) • Who, which and that The womanwho/that is standing near the window is a doctor. Have you found the bookwhich/that was missing? The door, which was bright red, was very conspicuous. My wife, who is an American, finds Turkey very beautiful.

  24. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS (Soru Zamirleri) • Who, what, which, whose Which is your brother? We know who is guilty of this crime. I already told the detective what I know about it. Whose are these? It doesn't matter which beer you buy. [det] What questions give you most trouble? [det] Which questions give you the most trouble? [det]

  25. RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS (İşteşZamirler) • each other one another You and I saw each other last week. (Geçen hafta birbirimizi görmüştük) The houses faced each other. (Evler birbirine bakıyor) I think we’ve learned a lot about one another in this session. (Sanırım bu sezon birbirimiz hakkında çok şey öğrendik.) The wires were touching one another. (Teller birbirine değiyordu)

  26. 1. If _____ wants to be a child minder, _____ must attend a course. • no one / they • none / she • all / they • anyone / they • someone / she

  27. 2. A woman once told _____ about a cashflow crisis _____ employer had faced. • me / she • her / his • me / her • I / her • me / his

  28. 3. A: Mary was telling me recently that a friend of _____ had just had an operation on his leg. • B: Really? My husband told me that a work mate of ____ was in hospital for something to do with ____ leg. • her / him / him • she / he / his • he / him / his • his / his / his • hers / his / his

  29. 4. It is _____ but my business so I have to deal with it _____ . • nobody / by myself • no one else's / myself • yours / no one else • everybody's / on my own • somebody else's / myself

  30. 5. One of the characteristics of people who live alone is that they have a great tendency to talk to _____. • himself • oneself • itself • themselves • by oneself

  31. 6. Only doctors and nurses can go into the intensive care unit. _____ is allowed inside. • Anybody else • No one else • Anyone else • Someone else • Everyone else

  32. 7. Have you seen my glasses? I've looked _____ for them, but I can't find them _____. • somewhere / nowhere • everywhere / anywhere • anywhere / nowhere • everywhere / nowhere • nowhere / anywhere

  33. 8. _____ heard her screaming at the top of her voice, but _____ actually saw the man take the money. • Everybody / someone • Nobody / nobody • Everyone / nobody • Something / everywhere • Nowhere / anybody

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