Activity:

1. Activity: • Each person has a square. • Some of the squares contain red dots. • Your objective is to be the largest group without any red dots. • Largest group will be the winners • Don’t share your circle with anyone. • You can’t show your dot to anyone either. • If you have a red dot and are able to infiltrate a group, you are then winner. • You may ask any questions possible to figure out if someone has a red dot or not. • You will have 5:00MIN. • Period 4: Lastly, Ryan and Cam have red dots. • Period 3: Lastly, Justine and Roo have red dots.

2. Quick Write • Was this activity difficult? Why yes or no? • Was it easy to tell who had a red dot and who didn’t? • Were there a lot of red dots out there? • Do you think it mattered whether the people I told you ACTUALLY had red dots? Why? • What do you think this represented?

3. Quick Write: • Do you think the Cold War fear of Communism was justified? • Why yes? Why no? (provide examples)

4. The Second Red Scare

5. The Second Red Scare • Throughout the 1940s and 1950s America was overwhelmed with concerns about the threat of communism growing in Eastern Europe and Asia

6. McCarthyism: 1950-1956 • McCarthyism is the practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence. • It also means "the practice of making unfair allegations or using unfair investigative techniques, especially in order to restrict dissent or political criticism. • The term has its origins in the period in the United States known as the Second Red Scare, lasting roughly from 1950 to 1956. • It is characterized by heightened fears of communist influence on American institutions and espionage by Soviet agents 

7. Witch Hunt • “Witch hunt”- refers to any search for a scapegoat who can be blamed for all the ills of society and whose removal will eliminate the problems.

8. McCarthyism • McCarthyism- policy or practice of publicly accusing in a reckless manner, suspected individuals or groups of political disloyalty and subversion.

9. Communism!!! • Communism is the abolition of power of people over people, where the government holds all assets. Communism is based on mutual cooperation, peace and justice.

10. Was this fear justified? Well…yes and no… Because the Communist Party in the United States helped to organize labor unions and was opposed to fascism, it gained a membership of about 75,000 members in 1940-1941.

11. The Cold War • During WWII, the United States was allied with the Soviet Union. • When we were fighting together, no one cared about communism. • After WWII, as the Soviet Union expanded its territory, the Cold War and fears of communism began again.

12. First thing that scared us… • The Soviet Union tested an atomic bomb in 1949 • This was earlier than many people predicted

13. 2nd scary thing… That same year, Mao Zedong's Communist army gained control of mainland China

14. Mao Zedong leading the Revolution.

15. 3rd. Scary thing In 1950, the Korean War began, pitting U.S., U.N., and South Korean forces against Communists from North Korea and China.

16. 1950-53 The Korean War

17. The House on Un-American Activities Committee . HUAC

18. House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) House Un-American Activities: A Committee had been formed in 1938 as an anti-Communist organization aimed at finding “subversives” ,

19. Are you a Subversive? • Subversives-Those who engage in a systematic attempt to overthrow or undermine a government or political system by working secretly from within. • (For almost two years the struggle went on between president and senator over the proper way a democracy should handle so-called subversives.)

20. The Committee Wants to Know “Are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party of the United States?"

21. Hollywood becomes the focus of the “Red Scare.”

22. HUAC Investigates Hollywood The Committee began to subpoena screenwriters, directors, and other movie industry professionals to testify about their known or suspected membership in the Communist Party.

23. Hollywood Ten Among the first film industry witnesses subpoenaed by the Committee, these 10 decided that they wouldn’t cooperate or answer questions.

24. Real Life Repercussions The ten were sentenced to 6 months to 1 year in prison for contempt of Congress. They were also blacklisted from working in the film industry in Hollywood, until the 1960's when the ban was lifted.

25. “ Blacklisting” 1947 “The Hollywood Ten “

26. Lucille Ball 1953-Investigated by HUAC for registering to vote as a communist in the 1930’s at the urging of her Grandfather.

27. “The only thing ‘red’ about Lucy is her hair & that’s not even real.”

28. Alger Hiss Trial •  In January 1948, Alger Hiss, a high-level State Department official was sent before HUAC to testify about whether he was a Soviet Spy. • Didn’t convict him for being a spy. • Yet, In 1950 Hiss was convicted of perjury • Lying to Congress about passing notes back to Whittaker Chambers.

29. 1948- One time aid to FDR, Alger Hiss accused of spying for Soviets - Alger Hiss testifies before HUAC

30. Although no solid proof links Hiss to espionage, his career in the US government is ruined.

31. RICHARD NIXON (a member of HUAC) The “Pumpkin Papers” Inside the pumpkin contained documents typed by Hiss that “proved” he was a spy.

32. FBI’s Involvement in McCarthyism • FBI & it’s leader, J Edgar Hoover, strongly opposed Communism. • FBI did background checks on all gv’t employees. • FBI investigated citizens & organizations to route out communism • Wire tapping, opening mail, burglaries, using the illegally obtained information to convict people. J Edgar Hoover

33. "Had observers known in the 1950s what they have learned since the 1970s, when the Freedom of Information Act opened the Bureau's files, 'McCarthyism' would probably be called 'Hooverism”

34. 1950- Ethel and Julius Rosenberg Accused of passing nuclear secrets to the Soviets.

35. 1953- The Rosenberg’s executed for espionage.

36. Who is Joseph McCarthy? A Marine Corps veteran of World War II, McCarthy was elected to the U.S. Senate from Wisconsin in 1946.

37. McCarthy as Senator • McCarthy's first years in the Senate were unimpressive. • People claimed that he had lied about his war record. • He was being investigated for tax offences and for taking bribes. • Needed something to help him get re-elected and to hurt any Democratic challenger against him.

38. 1950-Senator Joseph McCarthy The Wisconsin Senator was looking for a campaign issue to earn him some media attention to help him get re-elected.

39. In a campaign speech in West Virginia, • "The State Department is infested with communists. I have here in my hand a list of 205—a list of names that were made known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist Party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping policy in the State Department .

40. McCarthy’s Downfall… • In 1954, he made accusations against the US Army • Resulted in a nationally televised Senate investigation • Censured by Senate in 1954.

41. A New Target McCarthy's committee then began an investigation into the United States Army. McCarthy garnered some headlines with stories of a dangerous spy ring among the Army researchers, but ultimately nothing came of this investigation

42. 1954- The Army-McCarthy hearings In nationally televised hearings, McCarthy is exposed as a bully and a fraud.

43. McCarthy Flops The Army and McCarthy traded charges and counter-charges for 36 days before a nationwide television audience. While the official outcome of the hearings was inconclusive, this exposure of McCarthy to the American public resulted in a sharp decline in his popularity

44. McCarthy fall from popularity In less than a year, McCarthy’s position as a prominent force in anti-communism was essentially ended. On December 2, 1954, the Senate voted to censure Senator McCarthy by a vote of 67 to 22, making him one of the few senators ever to be disciplined in this fashion.

45. Enough is Enough… • Censure-To Criticize publicacly. (In late 1954, the Senate censured McCarthy.)

46. About three years later… McCarthy died on May 2, 1957, at the age of 48. The official cause of death was acute hepatitis; it is widely accepted that this was exacerbated by alcoholism.

47. Victims of McCarthyism The number imprisoned is in the hundreds, and some ten or twelve thousand lost their jobs. Some of those who were imprisoned or lost their jobs did in fact have some connection with the Communist Party. But for most, both the potential harm to the nation and the nature of their communist affiliation were tenuous.

48. Homosexuals targeted McCarthy did not just go after suspected communists, he also targeted gays. The hunt for "sexual perverts", who were presumed to be subversive by nature, resulted in thousands being harassed and denied employment.

49. The Crucible and McCarthyism The play focused heavily on the fact that once accused, a person would have little chance of exoneration, given the irrational and circular reasoning of both the courts and the public.