England

1. England BY: Tim Gehrsitz, Alex Miller, Shawn Bankoff, Katie Miernicki, Caitlin Duffy and, Matilda Brilleman

2. Government and Politics • Magna Carta basis for United States and English government • England makes own system to check Monarch • Further develop Judicial system with more just laws • Henry VIII increased king’s power • Henry VIII declared himself Supreme ruler of Church of England, bringing more power to himself • Henry VIII relied on advisers heavily • Order of the Garter established by Edward III, tribute to England’s officers, creates sense of Nationalism • Kings power limited later, but still appreciated by England

3. Religion • Mostly Christianity • Fighting between Kings and Queen • Pope or King as leader? • King Henry VIII (Henry Tudor) broke away from church • Reformation in 16th century • 1517- broke up the official unity of the church in Western Europe and established the third great branch of Christianity, Protestantism

4. Economy and trade • Modern day England • Still a thriving monarchy • Warfare strategy • Naval and military combat skills • (Magna Carta (Great Charter) is the predecessor of the Declaration of Independence • American colonist depended on Magna Carta to support their decision to become independent • Significant role in development of arts and sciences • English common law is the foundation of legal systems throughout the English-speaking countries of the world

5. Technology and warfare • The Long Bow was invented to pierce heavy armor, and to arch accurately over defenses • Cannons were originally invented by Muslims, but the English used them to break down walls • During 100 years’ war, Foot Soldiers were used along with Knights to increase mobility of units • “Gunpowder Revolution” began in 1300’s, use of firepower in England gives them advantage early in the 100 Years’ War • Law made it mandatory for all men 15-60 to on a bow and arrows and be trained with them

6. Important events • Richard I: 1191 - Richard captures Acre and defeats Saladin 1192- Richard is captured by the Duke of Austria. However, he is released. • King John: 1206- John refuses Steven Langton as Archbishop 1208- Pope Innocent III bans church services in England except baptisms and funerals • Henry II: 1155- Henry appoints Thomas Becket as Chancellor 1162- Henry appoints Thomas Becket as Archbishop of Canterbury 1164- Assize of Clarendon creates fighting between Henry and Thomas 1166- First trial by jury 1171- Henry invades Ireland and becomes Lord of Ireland 1173-1174- Henry’s son lead rebellion against him

7. IMPORTANT EVENTS • Henry Tudor: 1455- The War of the Roses (The Battle of Bosworth)- A civil war between York and Lancaster to see who should have control of England. It is called the War of the Roses because the symbols for the sides were a red rose and a white rose. This is when he changes from Henry Tudor to Henry VII 1486- January 16th, Henry marries Elizabeth of York (Daughter of Edward IV) 1486- Stafford and Lovell Rebellion- The first rebellion on Easter of 1486 after the Battle of Bosworth. 1490- Perkin Warbeck claims to be the Duke of York to Henry and attempts to attack Ireland and England. He is executed in 1499. • Edward III: 1332- Parliament is divided into the Lords and the Commons 1333- Edward beats Scottish at Battle of Halidon Hill 1337- Start of 100 Year’s War 1340- Edward defeats French at Battle of Sluys 1346- English defeat French at Battle of Crecy 1348- Black Death Plague • Henry V: 1415- Henry captures Harfleur and wins Battle of Agincourt 1417- Henry wins at Battle of Caen 1418- Beginning of Siege of Rouen; Ends in 1419 1420- Henry becomes Regent of France and heir to Charles VI

8. Notable people • Richard I: Saladin- Fights Richard I Duke of Austria- Captures Richard • King John: Steven Langton- Archbishop refused by King John Pope Innocent III- excommunicated King John Philip Augustus of France- Defeats England in Battle of Bouvines Prince Louis of France- Captures tower of London • Henry II: Thomas Becket- Archbishop of Canterbury • Henry Tudor: York Family- One side in War of Roses Lancaster Family- One side in War of Roses Elizabeth of York- Henry’s wife and Edward IV’s Daughter Stafford- Stafford and Lovell Rebellion Lovell- Stafford and Lovell Rebellion Perkin Warbeck- imposter Duke of York • Edward III: Philippa of Hainault- Edward’s wife • Henry V: Charles VI- Henry becomes heir to him Henry VI- Henry’s son

9. Nations borders • In beginning, much French land was gained during Henry II’s reign. • Once King John ruled, much French land began to get taken back by France and after him more and more land was lost when he lost many battles. • By the end of the Hundred Years war England lost all French land except Calais when Joan of Ark joined the war. • The borders began to be formed 1100s to 1400s as France began to take back French land from England. • After confined to France, England just expanded into Wales.

10. Richard I and King John Richard I (reined from: 1189-1199) King John (reined from: 1199- 1216) 1199-1216 king John lost many battles against King Philip Augustus of France Philip Augustus wanted to weaken power of English kings in France because his father lost battles to Henry II, his wins set stage for England and France to become separate countries he was hated by subjects because of high taxes, and the loss of battles because of defeats which led to Magna Carta • aka Richard the Lionhearted • he was a fearless fighter and skilled general • he was the hero of the third crusade • he was the only one to win fame out of the 3 kings in the third crusade • defended his French lands • fought valiantly to regain the holy lands • his foe was Saladin but they had a truce in 1192 for three years • ruled as king for 10 years • died in 1199

11. Henry V and Henry Tudor Henry V (reined from: 1413-1422) Henry Tudor (Henry VII) (reigned from: 1485-1509) In1485 he defeated Richard III at the battle of Bosworth Field he was then crowned king of England In 1487 Lambert Simnel was crowned king of England in Dublin Henry defeated Simnel at the Battle of Stroke In 1494 and 1497 James IV Warbeck attempted invasion on England but was captured and trapped in the Tower In 1502 his eldest son, Arthur passed away The reign of Henry was the end of the middle ages and the beginning of the new monarchy of the Tudors He introduced modern bureaucratic methods of government He wanted to strengthen the position of England in Europe through diplomatic and trading alliances He died on April 22, 1509 • 1415- he urged soldiers into battle against the French • The English had a victory in the Battle of Agincourt • 1420- he forced Charles VI (French king) to sign away his kingdom, this was very helpful because Charles VI suffered from periods of insanity • the treaty of Troyes stated that Charles VI gives away his daughter Katharine in marriage • Henry V inherited French crown when Charles VI died • Henry V died in 1422

12. Henry II and Edward III Henry II (reined from:1154-1189) Edward III (reined from: 1327-1377) In 1326 he was named guardian of the kingdom In 1327 he was crowned king In 1328 he was forced to give up all claims to Scotland by the treaty of Northampton He invaded and defeated Scotland in 1333 In 1340 he became king of France in order to retain Flemish support In 1346 the English destroyed the the French army at the Battle of Crecy Edward returned to England in 1347 In 1348 he found the Order of the Garter, the senior British order of chivalry 1357 he gained vast lands and ransom at the treaty of Bretigny His son, Edward the Black Prince led the English to victory in the Battle of Poitiers He made a strong effort to maintain economic ties with Flanders His financial management kept the country in debt During the last few years of his reign he was unable to deal with crises • Son of William the conqueror • became king in 1154 • increased 1 royal power • his biggest achievement was strengthening the royal court of justice • sent royal judges to visit each part of England at least once a year • they collected taxes, settled lawsuits and punished crimes • he introduced the jury to English courts • jury: a group of royal people (12) who answered royal judges • during his rule the common law came about • many bases for law in England speaking country such as the United States

13. Decline of kings • Over time power in England began to go from kings to the middle class. • In the beginning Henry II was a powerful king. • Because King John lost much French land and fought with Pope Innocent III and others, the Magna Carta was made in 1215, and was a big step in reducing the king’s power. • During Edward I’s rule the Model Parliament was made by Edward III which gave more power to middle class in government while reducing the king’s power even more. • These government changes happened because of the bitter hatred toward the kings.

14. Legacies • Modern day England • Still a thriving monarchy • Warfare strategy • Naval and military combat skills • (Magna Carta (Great Charter) is the predecessor of the Declaration of Independence • American colonist depended on Magna Carta to support their decision to become independent • Significant role in development of arts and sciences • English common law is the foundation of legal systems throughout the English-speaking countries of the world

15. Current event . • Brits protesting the construction of an Abercrombie and Fitch store on Savile Row, a street famous for fine tailoring • People are already against Abercrombie because in the past they have forced a disabled girl to work in a stock room and have sold racist pants (I will explain) • This is connected to patriotism because all these people are coming together to fight for what is right and that is what forming a nation is all about

16. Works cited “Edward, III.” Encyclopedia of World Biography. Detroit: Gale, 1998. Gale Biography In Context. Web. 24 Apr. 2012. GRUMMITT, DAVID. “Henry VII, King of England.” Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Ed. Jonathan Dewald. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2004. Gale Biography In Context. Web. 24 Apr. 2012. http://static.schoolrack.com/files/10379/50039/World_Hx_1,000-1,500_AD.pdf http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/article?id=ar181560&st=england+geogrphy+history=http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/homework/tudors/waroftheroses.htm http://www.elizabethan-era.org.uk/henry-viii-timeline.htm http://www.royalty.info/british/ http://static.schoolrack.com/files/10379/50039/World_Hx_1,000-1,500_AD.pdf http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/article?id=ar181560&st=england+geogrphy+history http://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/1500/entity_1423.html http://www.minyanville.com/dailyfeed/2012/04/25/dapper-protesters-want-abercrombie-and Kings and Queens of England and Great Britain, By: Eric R. Delderfield