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Scientific Skills and Processes

Scientific Skills and Processes. 1. OBSERVING. Slimy. orange colored. TALL. Stating the properties or characteristics of an object or event. Kinds of Observation. Qualitative. Physical Description. Quantitative. Measuring or Counting. 2. COMPARING.

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Scientific Skills and Processes

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  1. Scientific Skills and Processes

  2. 1. OBSERVING Slimy orange colored TALL Stating the properties or characteristics of an object or event.

  3. Kinds of Observation Qualitative • Physical Description Quantitative • Measuring or Counting

  4. 2. COMPARING Recognizing similarities and differences in the properties of objects and living things observed.

  5. 3. CLASSIFYING Process of arranging, grouping or sorting things according to some observable properties they possess.

  6. Can you group the following animals according to their properties? Birds Mammals Insects

  7. 4. INFERRING Logical mental process wherein one makes explanations based on observations.

  8. OBSERVING VS. INFERRING What can you say about the picture? • The sky appears red. • The sun is going down the horizon. • There are four people in the picture. • It is near dusk. • The four people are in a resort island.

  9. OBSERVING VS. INFERRING

  10. 5. PREDICTING Process of estimating or forecasting a future event or trend based on previous experiences or observation

  11. Which figure should come next?

  12. Process of predicting data or events within the graph of the given data Process of predicting data or events beyond the scope of the given graph of the data Extrapolating Interpolating

  13. What is the distance when the time is 4 seconds? Interpolating

  14. What is the distance when the time is 12 seconds? Extrapolating

  15. 6. MEASURING Process of quantifying observations or properties of objects

  16. MEASUREMENT COMPARING A QUANTITY TO AN APPROPRIATE SCALE OR STANDARD Closeness of a measured value to the true value ACCURACY Degree of agreement between several values obtained under the same conditions PRECISION

  17. Given 3 darts: Neither accurate nor precise

  18. Precise but not accurate

  19. Both accurate and precise

  20. How is the accuracy and precision of measurements determined?

  21. Given the following experimental data for the density of water: If the accepted value for the density of water is 1.00g/ml, which measurement is the most ACCURATE?

  22. Which measurement is the most PRECISE? Get the average. Average: 0.99 g/ml

  23. 7. Formulating the Problem • Be stated beginning with the words Why and How. • Contain the subject of the research. • Indicate the variable/s being tested and the corresponding responding variable/s • Give its readers an idea of what the experiment is about. The problem should:

  24. 8. Making a Hypothesis • An educated guess to a problem Example: • What causes the spoilage of food? • Why does the heartbeat of a person vary?

  25. 9. CONTROLLING VARIABLES Factors that affect the behavior or properties of an object or event Variables

  26. Example: What conditions affect the growth of plants? • Amount of fertilizer • Type of soil • Amount of water • Amount of sunlight • Kind of plant specie These are all VARIABLES !

  27. KINDS OF VARIABLES Experimental • MANIPULATED • CONTROLLED • RESPONDING Constant Affected

  28. Example: How does the amount of fertilizer affect the growth of a tomato plant? Amount of fertilizer Manipulated Variable Responding Variable Growth of the tomato plant Amount of sunlight Amount of water Controlled Variable

  29. 10. ORGANIZING DATA • PRESENTATION OF THE DATA FOR ANALYSIS GRAPHS TABLES

  30. GRAPHS Pictorial representation of data Histogram Bar graph Line graph Pie graph

  31. Make a data table Identify the variables Making a data table A group of students made a survey of the products derived from coconut trees. They came up with the following data: • Foliage/leaves  broom, roofing • Nuts/fruits  food, drinks, husks • Roots  disinfectant, medicine, driftwood • Cellulose  paper, plywood • Lumber  toys, posts, fuel

  32. Products obtained from parts of the coconut tree

  33. Interpreting tables and graphs

  34. Interpreting tables As the number of marbles increases, the level of water also increases.

  35. Interpreting graphs

  36. 11. DERIVING CONCLUSIONS • A STATEMENT OF THE ANSWER TO THE PROBLEM OF THE EXPERIMENT

  37. Example: Given the following data table: What is the Experiment About?

  38. Identify the manipulated variable. Condition of Moisture

  39. Identify the responding variable. Presence of Molds

  40. State the best problem for the experiment How does moisture affect the appearance of molds in bread?

  41. What is the conclusion of the experiment

  42. THE END... made by RRO

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