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The War of 1812

The War of 1812. A Quick Review. Causes. Trade Barriers: - Britain and France already fighting - USA wanted freedom to trade with anyone - both countries were trying to starve the other (cut off supply lines) - Britain stopped and seized more American vessels than the French did.

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The War of 1812

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  1. The War of 1812 A Quick Review

  2. Causes Trade Barriers: - Britain and France already fighting - USA wanted freedom to trade with anyone - both countries were trying to starve the other (cut off supply lines) - Britain stopped and seized more American vessels than the French did

  3. British Stop-and-Search Tactics - navy was stopping and searching American ships to look for British deserters - sailors treated poorly (bad food, low pay) - to Americans, it was insulting to be boarded

  4. Britain’s Aboriginal Allies • In US Congress, some frontiersmen pushed for war with Britain • These were known as “War Hawks” • They claimed the British in Canada were providing Tecumseh with guns and supplies • Blamed Aboriginals for attacks on American frontier settlements

  5. American War Hawks • They believed US would soon own North America • Believed taking Canada was a great idea • Not all Americans believed in this • When US government voted to go to war, the decision was close • Many close to the border depended on trade with Canada

  6. Major Events of the War

  7. Fort Detroit • Tecumseh joined Brock • Brock sent a clever message to American General Hull at Detroit, warning that his Aboriginal allies were uncontrollable • Americans so terrified of Aboriginals that they surrendered • To celebrate, Brock and Tecumseh exchanged sashes before the troops

  8. Battle of Queenston Heights • 13 October, 1812, news that the Americans had crossed the Niagara River reached Brock • Brock mustered 100 men • Brock’s bright red tunic was a perfect target for sharpshooters • General Sheaffe arrived later with 300 British troops, 50 militiamen, and 300 Mohawk

  9. Queenston Heights Continued… • Sheaffe managed to get up on the heights, behind the American line • Mohawk closed in from the sides • Many Americans turned and ran • 300 American soldiers killed/wounded, 950 taken prisoner • 14 Canadians killed, 57 wounded

  10. Other Notable Events York: April 1813, Americans attacked York, burned wooden Parliament Buildings. Attackers left after looting Niagara: British commander General Vincent led a sneak attack on Americans at Stoney Creek Beaver Dam: where Laura Secord became a hero. Americans were defeated Naval Battles: Niagara Falls made it tough. Americans won a significant battle on Lake Erie. Moraviantown: Chief Tecumseh killed. A disaster for the British (soldiers become depressed)>

  11. Chrysler’s Farm • An American attack • Canadian, British and Aboriginal troops work together to defeat them • This stopped the advance on Montreal

  12. The Burning of Washington: 1814 • In August, 1814, British navy carried war to capital of US • Army landed and marched on Washington • Revenge for burning of York • Government buildings burnt, including president’s mansion • Legend has it, scorched buildings had to be white-washed to cover burn marks

  13. The War That Nobody Won • By end of 1814, both sides tired of fighting • No clear winner • Treaty of Ghent signed Christmas Eve, 1814 • Negotiations took place in Europe • News did not reach Canada until March, 1815 • Decided to put territory back to where it was before the war • Treaty did not settle issues between US and Britain • 49th parallel established • Each country agreed only 4 warships on Great Lakes (Rush-Bagot Agreement) • Led to strong feelings of pride in Upper Canada

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