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Chapter 4

Chapter 4. Anatomy of Plants. Plant Architecture Hierarchy. Biochemicals Cells Tissues Organs. Two Types of Plant Cells. Prokaryote—cell without nucleus genetic material (single circular DNA) contained in cytoplasm Eukaryote—cell with nucleus

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Chapter 4

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  1. Chapter 4 Anatomy of Plants

  2. Plant Architecture Hierarchy • Biochemicals • Cells • Tissues • Organs

  3. Two Types of Plant Cells • Prokaryote—cell without nucleus • genetic material (single circular DNA) contained in cytoplasm • Eukaryote—cell with nucleus • genetic material (multiple chromosomes) surrounded by membrane

  4. Chemical Composition of Eukaryotic Cells • 90% fluid (cytoplasm): free amino acids, proteins, glucose, other molecules • Elements: 59% hydrogen, 24% oxygen, 11% carbon, 4% nitrogen, 2% other • Molecules: 50% protein, 15% nucleic acid, 15% carbohydrates, 10% lipids, 10% other

  5. Cell Structures • Cell wall • Plasma membrane • Protoplasts • Organelles—plastids, mitochondria, microfilaments, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, vesicles, vacuole, Golgi body

  6. Cell Parts • Cell walls—primary ones made of hemicellulose; some cells have thickening of primary cell wall to add stability • Plasma membrane—also known as plasmolemma or cytoplasmic membrane; made of phospholipids

  7. Cell Parts (continued) • Protoplast—inside of cell or cellular contents • Cytoplasm—liquid matrix of protoplast • water solutes, proteins, and the like, that stream through protoplast

  8. Cell Parts (continued) • Organelles—internal structures • Plastids • leucoplasts: store oil, starch, proteins • cloroplasts: double-membrane plastids with chlorophyll used in photosynthesis in addition to storing starch and containing genetic information

  9. Other Organelles • Mitochondria—convert foods into usable energy through aerobic respiration • Nucleus—contains chromosomes, which are long strands of DNA • Vacuole—storage reservoir for water, sugars, salt, and other biochemicals • Endoplasmic reticulum—protein synthesis

  10. Other Organelles (continued) • Ribosomes—where RNA goes for translation into proteins • Golgi apparatus—important for glycosylation and secretion • Peroxisomes—use oxygen to carry out catabolic reactions • Microtubules—make up centrioles/cilia

  11. Tissues • Meristems—contain actively dividing cells that form new tissues • Four types are apical, subapical, intercalary, lateral/cambial • Permanent—may be simple or complex • Complex tissues include two types of conductive tissues: xylem and phloem

  12. Xylem and Phloem • Xylem—conducts H2O/dissolved nutrients, amino acids, proteins, remobilized sugars from roots to aerial plant parts • Phloem—conducts soluble sugars and metabolites such as proteins, hormones, dissolved minerals, salts from leaves to other plant parts

  13. Types of Cells in Xylems and Phloems • Xylems—vessels, tracheids, fibers, and parenchyma cells • Phloems—sieve tube cells, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and phloem fibers

  14. Plant Tissues • Roots—taproot or similar-sized branches, root hairs, cortex (wall), center (stele) • Stems—supported by xylem (transports water/minerals); phloem transports manufactured food • Leaves—stomata take in CO2/release O2, photosynthesis mostly in palisade cells

  15. Primary and Secondary Growth • Primary—takes place in young, herbaceous organs, resulting in increase in length of shoots and leaves • Secondary—results in increased girth as layers of woody tissue are laid down

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