Contribution of Aquaculture to Food Security Globally

1. Contribution of Aquaculture to Food Security Globally Modadugu V Gupta

2. The greatest disease of all humankind is “hunger” • Global population from 1.5 billion in 1900 to 7 billion now and to 9 billion by the year 2050; may reach 10 billion • Estimated 925 million under nourished • Micronutrient deficiencies affecting > 2 billion • 250 million children at risk of vitamin A deficiency; equal number suffer from deficiency of minerals (iron, zinc, calcium, etc.) • MDG target of reducing hunger by half by 2015; under nourished declined from 20% of population to 16% in 2010; but no decline in absolute numbers

4. Where are undernourished/food insecure?

5. Poverty and Food Insecurity • Food security; not just producing food, but also access to food • Food security linked with poverty and rural development • Economic access to food ONLY when households generate sufficient income • Aquaculture provides primary source of income • Aquaculture can be a starting point for alleviation of poverty in rural areas

6. Contribution of Fish to Nutrition • Fish “Rich food for Poor”; cheapest animal protein • Provides over 20% of animal protein to 2.6 billion people globally; in developed countries 13%, while in developing countries > 30% • Major source of animal protein in regions where animal protein in diets is below world average • Provides at least half of animal protein intake for 400 million poor in S. Asia & Africa • Rich source of protein, essential fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. Some fish high in calcium, zinc, vitamin A and iron

7. Contribution of Fish to Nutrition

8. Source: H.H. Jensen / Marine Pollution Bulletin 53 (2006) / Albert Zeucack 2010

10. Percentage of fish in animal protein consumption

11. Contribution to Livelihood • Globally over 540 million (8% of population) involved in fisheries & aquaculture; growth more than population & employment in traditional agriculture • Fisheries and Aquaculture provides primary source of income • 80-100% of rural aquaculture products sold generating cash for families • Cash generated used for buying other necessities • Brings in foreign exchange

12. Economic Importance of Fish • Fish most internationally traded commodity; About 40% global production enters international • trade against 10% for meat • Global trade in fish over $ 102 billion in 2008 • Exports of fish & products exceed those of meat, dairy, cereals, sugar, coffee, oilseeds, etc. • In many developing countries foreign exchange from fish exports finances other food imports

13. Source: JiansanJia 2010

14. Demand for Fish • Present global production of food fish 115 million tons • Demand for fish increased at twice population growth over last 50 years • Estimated additional 20-30 million tons required to meet demand by 2020; could be an underestimate • Per capita consumption increased from 11.5kg in 1970 to 12.5kg in 1980 to 14.4kg in 1990 to 17.0kg in 2008

15. Growing Economic Power, Growing Middle ClassNumbers (millions) of global middle class Source: HomiKharas, The emerging middle class in developing countries, OECD 2010

16. Global Fish Production Source : FAO year Book 2007

17. Aquaculture Importance • Aquaculture fastest growing agriculture commodity with annual growth of >6% in last two decades • Increased from <1 million tons in 1950 to 55 million tons in 2009 • 80% comes from 20 million small-holder farms (<2ha) in developing countries; • Environmental demands for unit biomass or protein produced are lower as compared to poultry , piggery and beef • Grain needed for production of 1kg protein of fish: <13kg; pork 38kg; beef 61kg • Animal protein with small carbon footprint. : 0.96% of total Co2 emission; 6.3-7.5% of agriculture emission

18. Prevalence of iron and vitamin A deficiency • Cambodia: WFP promoting Esomuslongimanus to supplement iron for small children • Bangladesh: 1.3 million ponds; 10 kg/pond Amblypharyngodonmola can meet vitamin ‘A’ requirement of 2 million children

20. Breakthroughs in research & development domestication of more species, 72 sps. in 1950 to 336 sps. in 2006 Better aquatic animal health management • Increasing demand – domestic & export • Improvement in policies & governance

21. Regional importance • Asia-Pacific dominance; over 60% from freshwater • China: 61.5% • Rest of Asia: 29.5% • Europe: 3.6%; mostly high value marine, commercial; research & development remarkable • S. America: 2.2%; commercial & industrial; opportunities for small-scale aquaculture development • North America: 1.5% – finfish & shellfish development • Africa: 1.4%; small-scale & commercial; slower development; gaining importance; increased by 56% during 2003-2007; expansion of small-scale aquaculture

24. Aquaculture can be integrated in to farming systems

27. Red tilapia farm in Malaysia Source: DOF, Malaysia

28. Tanks in Arizona Tanks in California Source: K. Fitzsimmons Intensively managed tilapia tanks

29. Raceways in Arizona Raceways in Mexico Source: K. Fitzsimmons Intensive Raceway Systems

30. Capture based culture in open waters

31. Mariculture • Fastest growing subsector of aquaculture • Of 202 maritime countries and territories, 93 with mariculture in 2004-2008; 15 countries account 96% global production • Caters to high end markets • Breeding technologies developed for more species; moving from wild caught seed to hatchery produced seed • High growth potential

32. Ornamental fish farming • $ 5 billion market • $ 15 billion industry • Seaweeds farming • $ 5-6 billion market • Pearl farming Farming of non-food species

33. Women and Aquaculture • Strong relationship between hunger and gender inequality • Equalising women status with men in S. Asia and SS Africa estimated to reduce malnourished children by 13.4 and 1.3 million respectively • Women mostly involved in processing and marketing • Excellent opportunities for involvement of women in aquaculture production • Many success stories – increase in household incomes, better nutrition and health for family

34. Share of global aquaculture in fish production, 1997 and forecast for 2020 Fish production 1997 Increase in fish production, 2020 Source: Rosegrant 2003

35. Historical trends in farmed fish production and projections of future production: 65-85 million tons by 2020 and 79-110 million tons by 2030 Source: S. Hall et.al. 2011

36. Challenges • Impact of declining water and land resources • Impact of climate change • Impact of intensification and spatial concentration of farms • Increased aquatic animal health concerns • Protecting environment • Sustaining production and livelihoods

38. Action needed to increase contribution of aquaculture to food security • Strengthen research including fish health management; farmed sps. increased from 72 in 1950 to 336 sps. in 2006 • Integrate small-scale aquaculture into globalised market economy (improving market access, horizontal & vertical linkages, developing business models, etc.) • Species adaptable to climate change; genetic improvement • Integrated water resource management • Introduction of BMPs • Ecosystem approach to aquaculture • Food safety and product quality • Improvements in policies and governance

39. Conclusion • Aquaculture has shown resilience to various economic crises in the last decade • While precise data not available, available information indicate, contribution of aquaculture to poverty alleviation, food security, employment, trade & gender opportunities is on the increase • Long term sustainability of aquaculture- economic, social & environmental and contribution to food security depends on commitment of governments and good governance

40. Thank you