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Aquaculture is pivotal in meeting the increasing demand for protein as wild fish stocks decline. Copper-alloy pens offer corrosion resistance and cleaner conditions, promoting healthier fish growth while minimizing environmental impact. Explore the benefits, challenges, and successful applications of copper in aquaculture for a sustainable future.
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Aquaculture background • Growing global population requires additional protein sources • The world’s oceans, seas and rivers cannot be depended on for food • Nearly 75 percent of the world’s fisheries are fully exploited or worse • Aquaculture provides a healthy diet for people around the world • Farmed fish convert feed more efficiently than farmed animals • Feed conversion ratios (FCR) are lower for ocean farmed fish versus farmed animals
What is aquaculture? • The farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish and plants; can be land or open ocean based • Projected growth in fish consumption of approximately 40 million tonnes per year by 2030 20 FAO predicts demand will surpass 180 mtpy Aquaculture must supply this added 40 mtpy 10 Kg per capita
Copper use in aquaculture • Copper alloy nets have a minimal corrosion rate • Copper alloy nets are not coated or covered with antifouling paint • Minimal leaching • Natural oxidization creates protective patina • Lifespan > 5 years, depending on conditions • Alloys: copper-zinc, copper-nickel, copper-silicon • Net-pen configurations: rigid pens, flexible pens and outer barrier nets • Type of mesh: expanded metal, welded mesh, chain link mesh and others
Challenges facing fish farmers • Predators: mesh strength prevents loss to predators • Biofouling: natural ability to stay clean prevents mesh from clogging with organic matter • Disease: natural properties that prevent fouling with organic matter creates healthier conditions for raising, so antibiotics and chemical treatments are not needed
Benefits of copper in aquaculture • Promotion of clean energy economy • Corrosion resistance • Natural ability to remain clean and free of organic matter • Greater cost savings • Healthier fish • Predator resistance • 100 percent recyclable • Reduced CO2
Successful copper applications • Australia • Chile • Japan • New projects • China • Korea • Scotland • Turkey • Greece • United States • South Africa • Mozambique • Seychelles
Types of fish farmed in copper pens • Fin fish • Yellow Tail (Seriola) • Salmon (Salmonids) • Sea Bass (Pagrus) • Bream (Dicentrarchus) • Cobia (Rachycentron) • Others • Crustaceans • Mollusks
Future outlook • Trends • Offshore net pens • Compatibility with current installations • Innovative techniques expand harvest numbers • Sustainability • Growth projections • Fish consumption expected to reach 40 million tonnes per year by 2030