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DNA, Genes, & Proteins

DNA, Genes, & Proteins. Pop Quiz! . The DNA molecule supplies _________________ for cells. Is DNA able to be copied? What is DNA made of? What are the four bases? Which bases bond together? What three things make up a nucleotide?. Copying DNA. The DNA molecule gets split down the middle.

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DNA, Genes, & Proteins

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  1. DNA, Genes, & Proteins

  2. Pop Quiz! • The DNA molecule supplies _________________ for cells. • Is DNA able to be copied? • What is DNA made of? • What are the four bases? • Which bases bond together? • What three things make up a nucleotide?

  3. Copying DNA • The DNA molecule gets split down the middle. • Bases on both sides are exposed. • Complementary nucleotides are added to each side, creating TWO DNA molecules. • All of this happens every time a cell divides. • Proteins are the ones that do the job. • You’ll usually see DNA with several kinds of proteins.

  4. Genes & Chromosomes • DNA holds information in its genes. • A gene is a string of nucleotides that gives the cell information about how to make a specific trait. • Chromosomes are strands of DNA that have been wound around proteins and then bunched up. • Chromosomes contain the genes and are found in the cell’s nucleus. • Human cells contain 23 different pairs of chromosomes.

  5. Genes & Proteins • Remember when I said that a gene gives the cell information about how to make a specific trait? • How does this work? • Each gene has instructions for making one protein. • Proteins determine your traits. They are called the building blocks of life!

  6. What are some examples of traits?

  7. So… how does a gene make a protein? • Remember – Genes are made of DNA, and DNA is made of bases. • A set of three bases forms an amino acid. • Amino acids form proteins.

  8. Term to Know: RNA • RNA stands for ribonucleic acid. • RNA is a copy of half of the DNA. • It is used to help make the amino acids.

  9. The Protein Factory: Ribosome • One side of the DNA copies (mRNA) • mRNA (messenger RNA) comes out of the nucleus • mRNA fed through the ribosome 3 bases at a time • tRNA (transfer RNA) comes to translate the message • Bases of mRNA and tRNA line up • tRNA releases the amino acid • Amino acids join together to make a protein

  10. Pop Quiz 2! • How often do DNA molecules copy? • What copies DNA? • What is a gene? • What is a chromosome? • Where are chromosomes found? • Each gene codes for one _______________. • Proteins determine your _______________. • How many bases does it take to make an amino acid? • What does a string of amino acids make? • What is the “protein factory” called? • What is RNA and what does it help do?

  11. Protein Research • There are 50,000 different types of proteins that perform different functions! • Some examples are found here: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/howgeneswork/protein. • Choose a protein to research. Tell us what type it is and what it does for the body.

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