语言与文化讲座 A Talk on Language & Culture

语言与文化讲座 A Talk on Language & Culture

讲座要点 英汉语言与文化对比 1 西方礼仪 2 英美概况 3

英汉语言与文化对比 Comparison & Contrast of Language and Culture

文化背景和传统习惯的不同，必然会影响到思想方法的不同；而思想方法上的差异，又总是要体现在语言的表达方式上。

英汉表达形式相似之处 • （一）英、汉两种语言都有一词多义现象，因而有词义选择和词的搭配问题。 • send a letter送信，寄信 • send a delegation派代表团 • take notes记笔记 • 打球（打=玩） play ball • 打鼓（打=击） beat a drum

（二）都有各自的虚词，起辅助、联接或移情作用。（二）都有各自的虚词，起辅助、联接或移情作用。 • 例如，汉语有“的”、“吗”、“了”、“呀”、“而”等，是英语所没有的；英语中有冠词（ a, the）和虚词 it（用在“It＋ be＋…”中）和there（用在“there ＋be ＋…”中），则是汉语中所没有的。

（三）句子的主要成分（主—谓—宾）的顺序都比较固定，但次要成分的位置有差别。（三）句子的主要成分（主—谓—宾）的顺序都比较固定，但次要成分的位置有差别。（四）按句子结构分类都有单句，复句。

英汉表达形式不同之处 （一）汉语词形变化很少，英语词形变化较多。 • 英语名词有‘数’和‘性’的词形变化，汉语除少数名词有数的标志之外，一般没有‘数’和‘性’的词形变化。 • 英语不规则动词的词形极不规则，而汉语则没有这种现象。

汉语 : 动词使用较多 ; 关联词（包括关系代词，关系副词，连词和介词）使用较少。英语 : 名词使用较多; 关联词，特别是介词，使用十分广泛。（二）在英、汉两种语言中，各种词类使用的频率不同。

汉语中大量使用动词，在英语中往往可以使用介词。汉语中大量使用动词，在英语中往往可以使用介词。 • ( 1) The family is at dinner．（吃） • ( 2) He is on duty today．（值班） • ( 3) The book is beyond me．（不懂） • ( 4) Here is a letter for yon．（给你的）

（三）英语一般用代称较多，汉语用实称较多（汉语往往重复实称，或者省略不用 。） • （1）Hewho makes no mistakes makes nothing. • 不犯错误的人是什么也不干的人。 • （2）There were sixteen students in my class． All (of them) speak English． • 我班上有16个学生，所有的学生都说英语。

（四）英语里的句子一般要有主语，没有主语或省略主语的句子只是例外；但汉语里有些句子可以省略主语。同一个主语在英语句中第二次出现时，不能省略，而在汉语中则往往可以省略。

Mr. Wang went to the Friendship Hotel as soon as he arrived at Beijing．王先生刚到北京就去友谊宾馆了。下雨了。 It is raining．很难说。 It's hard to say. / You can never tell．

（五）英汉的主要句子成分虽然都是“主语十谓语-宾语”的顺序，但状语的位置则不相同。（五）英汉的主要句子成分虽然都是“主语十谓语-宾语”的顺序，但状语的位置则不相同。 • 英语句中主语与谓语、谓语与宾语习惯于尽量靠近，尽量把状语放在句尾或句首； • 汉语句则往往在主语与谓语之间插入大量的状语修饰语，然后谓语（和宾语）才最后出现。 • I met him on the way home yesterday afternoon. • 我昨天下午在回家的路上碰到了他。

英语是针对对方提问的“事实”是否肯定来回答的 。汉语则是根据自己是否同意对方提出的问题来回答的。（六）‘肯定’与‘否定’的表述方式

You don't like it, do you？ 你不喜欢，是吗？ No, I don't like it．是的，我不喜欢。 Yes, I like it very much．不，我很喜欢。

请勿受潮 油漆未干闲人免进打八折 Keep Dry Wet Paint Staff Only 20% Off 因为中西方习惯的不同，有时对同一概念英语用肯定的说法，汉语用否定的说法，有时则相反。

中国: 总喜欢先摆出事情的来龙去脉，然后再表明自己的态度和观点，这样来表示谦虚、含蓄和委婉英美: 习惯于开门见山，坦率而鲜明地说出自己的观点和态度，然后再陈述事情的原由。（七）英汉两种文化传统和思维逻辑不同，说话内容重点的先后顺序也不尽相同。

Many thanks for the dinner yesterday, which my wife and I enjoyed very much. 我和我妻子对昨天的晚宴感到极其愉快，深表感谢。 I am much delighted to hear that you have been admitted by Peking University with a good score on the National College Entrance Exams．听说你以优异成绩考取了北京大学，（我）非常高兴。

汉语： 我、你、他我和张先生英语： you, he and I Mr. Zhang and I 怎样说话才更有礼貌？

您还得骑车去吧？ You had better go there by bike． I think the best way is by bike．您九点钟能来吗？ Can you come at nine？ Would nine be all right？

英语的亲属以家庭为中心，一代人为一个称谓板块，只区别男性、女性，忽视配偶双方因性别不同而出现的称谓差异。如：grandparents, grandfather, grandmother 在中文中的对应词为“祖辈、爷爷、奶奶、外公、外婆”。再如，父母同辈中的称谓：uncle和aunt，在中文中的对应词为“伯伯、叔叔、舅舅等，姑妈、姨妈等”。英文中的表示下辈的nephew和 niece是不分侄甥的，表示同辈的cousin不分堂表、性别。英汉文化的几大差异（一）亲属称谓

中国人打招呼，一般都以对方处境或动向为思维出发点。如： 您去哪里？上班去啊？而西方人往往认为这些纯属个人私事，不能随便问。所以他们见面打招呼的方式有： Hi! Hello！ Good morning/afternoon/evening/night！ What’s up? How’ve you been? 英汉文化的几大差异（二）问候用语

中国人的传统美德是谦虚谨慎，对别人的恭维和夸奖应是推辞。如： “您的英语讲得真好。”“哪里，哪里，一点也不行。” “菜做得很好吃。”“过奖，过奖，做得不好，请原谅。” 西方人不过分谦虚，对恭维一般表示谢意。如： “You can speak very good French.” “Thank you.” “It‘s a wonderful dish！” “I am glad you like it.” 所以，学生要注意当说英语的人称赞你时，千万不要回答：“No, I don’t think so.”这种回答在西方人看来是不礼貌的，甚至是虚伪的。英汉文化的几大差异（三）面对恭维

中国人打电话时的用语与平时讲话用语没有多少差异。 “喂，您好。麻烦您叫一声王伟接电话。”“我是张英，请问您是谁？” 英语中打电话与平时用语差别很大。如： “Hello, this is John speaking.” “Could I speak to Tom please？” “Is that Mary speaking？” 中国学生刚开始学英语会犯这样的错误： “Hello, who are you please？” 英汉文化的几大差异（四）电话用语

中国人收到礼物时，一般是放在一旁，等客人走后才拆开。受礼时连声说：“哎呀，还送礼物干什么？”“真是不好意思啦。” “让您破费了。” 西方人收到礼物时，一般当着客人的面马上打开，并连声称好： “Very beautiful! Wow!” “What a wonderful gift it is!” “Thank you for your present.” 英汉文化的几大差异（五）接受礼物

中国人见面时喜欢问对方的年龄、收入、家庭等。而西方人很反感别人问及这些私事。西方人之间如没有血缘关系，对男子统称呼Mr.，对未婚女士称Miss，对已婚女士称Mrs.，对不知道是否已婚的女士统称Ms.中国人见面时喜欢问对方的年龄、收入、家庭等。而西方人很反感别人问及这些私事。西方人之间如没有血缘关系，对男子统称呼Mr.，对未婚女士称Miss，对已婚女士称Mrs.，对不知道是否已婚的女士统称Ms. 中国人重视家庭、亲情，认为血浓于水。为了表示礼貌，对陌生人也要以亲属关系称呼。如： “大爷、大娘、大叔、大婶、大哥、大姐”等。英汉文化的几大差异（六）称呼用语

在西方，向别人提供帮助、关心、同情等的方式和程度是根据接受方愿意接受的程度来定的；而中国人帮起忙来一般是热情洋溢，无微不至。例如：一位中国留学生在美国看到一位老教授蹒跚过车水马龙的马路，出于同情心，他飞步上前挽住老人，要送他过去，但是他得到的却是怒目而视。请看下面的对话：英汉文化的几大差异（七）体贴他人

Chinese student: Mr. White, you are so pale. Are you sick? English teacher: Well… Yes… I have got a bad cold for several days. Chinese student: You should go to a clinic and see the doctor as soon as possible. English teacher: Er… What do you mean？ • 中国人建议患上感冒的人马上去看医生，表示真诚的关心。而美国人对此不理解，会认为难道他的病有如此严重吗？因此，只要回答：“I’m sorry to hear that.”就够了。

中国人招待客人时，一般都准备了满桌美味佳肴，不断地劝客人享用，自己还谦虚：“没什么菜，吃顿便饭。薄酒一杯，不成敬意。”行动上多以主人为客人夹菜为礼。西方人会对此大惑不解：明明这么多菜，却说没什么菜，这不是实事求是的行为。而他们请客吃饭，菜肴比较简单，席间劝客仅仅说：“Help yourself to some vegetables.”吃喝由客人自便自定。英汉文化的几大差异（八）请客吃饭

西方礼仪 An Introduction of Western Etiquette

SOCIAL • BUSINESS • GREETINGS & INTRODUCTIONS • TABLE MANNERS

SOCIAL MANNERS • Thoughtfulness • Women considered equal in all areas; however, the Western world still allows men to extend consideration to a woman • Always address elders as Mr., Mrs., Ms., etc.

MEN & WOMEN (GENERAL) • Woman precedes man through a door. • Man precedes woman over rough ground, into boat, off bus, or anywhere assistance could be rendered due to woman wearing heels. • Man walks on street side of curb. • Allow woman to pass through an open door first.

MEN & WOMEN (GENERAL) • Woman enters & exits elevator first. • In a business situation, a business woman rises and shakes hands just as a business man; however, in a social situation, a lady does not need to rise when a gentleman or even another lady comes over to her table when she is seated. (In business situations there are men and women. In social situations there are ladies and gentlemen.)

GREETINGS & INTRODUCTIONS INFORMAL BASIC RULES OF INTRODUCTION WHAT NOT TO SAY

GREETINGS & INTRODUCTIONS -- Informal • “Hello” and “Hi” are acceptable when passing • Nonverbal: Use direct eye contact (indicates you are paying attention) • Do not use “How are you?”-- it is usually not sincere to elicit a response. If someone uses it on you, simply reply “Fine, thank you.”

BASIC RULES OF INTRODUCTION • A man is always introduced TO a woman: “Ms Jones, I’d like you to meet Richard Lee.” • A young person is always introduced TO an older person. • A less important, or prominent person is always introduced TO a more important person. NOTE: Often gets complicated, since it is sometimes difficult to decide who is more important.

WHAT NOT TO SAY • Never phrase your introduction as a command. • “Mr. Smith, shake hands with Mr. Perry.” • When introducing two acquaintances, don’t call one of them “my friend” (infers preference of one over the other).

TABLE MANNERS VS

EATING HABITS IN CHINA • Sample every dish on table • When eating rice, hold bowl close to mouth • Could be up to 20 courses

EATING HABITS IN THE WEST • Food is passed to the right • Try little of everything • Keep table cloth clean • Food lifted to mouth • Repulsive to talk with mouth full • No elbows on table

Chopsticks for eating rice Bad luck in set parallel on top of bowl, or dropped CHOPSTICKS

WESTERN EATING UTENSILS

Start with the outer utensils, and work in towards your plate Only spoon provided is soup spoon Most inner fork and knife are for meat If tea or coffee or going to be served a teaspoon will be brought out with it The foods people don’t eat with a knife, fork or spoon include sandwiches, crisps/chips, corn on the cob (玉米棒), and fruit.

HOW TO EAT WITH A KNIFE AND FORK • The fork is held in the left hand and the knife in the right. • Hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing downwards. • When eating in formal situations, rest the fork and knife on the plate between mouthfuls, or for a break for conversation. • If you put your knife down, you can turn your fork over. It's correct to change hands when you do this, too, so if you are right handed you would switch and eat with the fork in your right hand.

Always say thank you when served something. It shows appreciation. • When you have finished eating, and to let others know that you have, place your knife and fork together, with the prongs on the fork facing upwards, on your plate. • In a restaurant, it is normal to pay for your food by putting your money on the plate the bill comes on.

CHINESE HOT TOWEL • Hot towel is provided at beginning of meal • …so one can wipe hands and mouth

THE NAPKIN • Usually put it in your lap as soon as seated • Unfold it and place on lap (DO NOT SHAKE IT OPEN) • NEVER tuck it into your collar or belt • When using, never WIPE the mouth as if with a washcloth; simply blotting will do • If you leave the table before the meal is completed, fold the napkin once and place it on the left side of the plate (soiled part turned under), or on your chair • When the meal is completed, place the folded napkin on the left side of the plate; if the plate has been removed, place in the center

Not rude to reach in front of someone to grab something Polite to reach for food with chopsticks Chinese host like to put food on your plate for you Place bones or seeds in different dish Your host will fill up your dish if it is empty Never take the last bit from a serving dish CHINESE TABLE MANNERS

语言与文化讲座 A Talk on Language & Culture