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Chapter 7: The Early Middle Ages. Chapter 13: The Early Middle Ages. Section 1: Charlemagne’s Empire. Charlemagne. Charlemagne became king of the Franks in 768. His power came from his military power. Pope Leo III called on Charlemagne to help defend the Papal States from the Lombards.
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Chapter 13: The Early Middle Ages Section 1: Charlemagne’s Empire
Charlemagne • Charlemagne became king of the Franks in 768. • His power came from his military power. • Pope Leo III called on Charlemagne to help defend the Papal States from the Lombards.
Charlemagne soon became king of the Lombards and Franks. • He would also become king of the Roman people by 799.
Charlemagne ruled with tremendous power. • He established a capital in Aachen and chose counts to rule his empire in his name. • In return, counts were given land grants and authority. • Charlemagne would send inspectors around his empire to keep tabs on the counts.
Charlemagne wanted rulers who could read and write. • Schools were started by monasteries and monasteries were staffed by educated priests and monks.
Charlemagne also wanted Christianity spread throughout his empire. • If you conquered people didn’t convert, they would be killed.
Chapter 13: The Early Middle Ages Section 2: New Invaders
Vikings came from Northern Europe, where they lived in Scandinavia. • They lived in a mostly rural and agricultural society. • When short on food, they went on raids.
The Vikings were skilled navigators. • Their first raids took place in England and Northern France. • The Vikings would use swords, axes, spears, and shiekls to attack
They would kill or capture anyone that stood in their way. • Captives would be sold into slavery.
Vikings settled other countries as well: • Iceland in the 700s and Greenland in 982. • Leif Eriksson reached North America in 1082.
The Magyars started invading Europe from the East. • They were nomads who settled in what is now Hungary. • They attacked by horseback and usually attacked small, less defended places.
Muslims started raiding Southern Italy and France during the 800s and 900s. • They would attack in small, fast attacks. • Muslims would also gain Christian strongholds in Rome.
Chapter 13: The Early Middle Ages Section 3: The Feudal and Manorial system
Feudalism started because kings in Europe needed protection. • Kings and nobles built castles, usually on hilltops.
Knights were used to defend the castle. • Knights were usually paid by land, called a fief. • Anyone who accepted a fief was called a vassal and the person whom he accepted it was his lord. • This is the Feudal System
A knight’s chief duty was to provide military service to his lord. • If a lord was captured in battle, the knight was obliged to pay ransom for his release.
Manors were usually owned by wealthy lords or knights. • Lords needed people to farm these land so they used peasants. • Manor lords would give protection and land plots in return for labor.
Most peasants that worked in manors were serfs. • Serfs were not free to leave the manor or marry without permission from the lord. • Serfdom was hereditary.
Three Field System was developed during this time. • One field would be planted in the spring, another in fall, and other would be left alone for a year.
Chapter 13: The Early Middle Ages Section 4: The Growth of Monarchies
The Anglo-Saxons were rulers of England that divided it up into seven kingdoms. • Vikings would invade England in the 800s and conquer some of the kingdoms. • Alfred the Great would drive the Vikings out for good by 878.
In 1066, the king of England died without an heir. • Harold would be named king which angered William. • Their armies met at the Battle of Hastings, which was won by William the Conqueror.
William was a strong ruler. • When he died his great grandson, Henry II, would take over. • He claimed French land when he married Eleanor of Aquitaine.
King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215. • Limited the king’s power. • Parliament would be formed during the 1260s which would become England’s governing body.
When Charlemagne died, his empire was divided into two pieces. • Otto the Great became king of Germany and tried to unite the German states. • He would become emperor of the Romans in 962, creating the Holy Roman Empire.
Chapter 13; The Early Middle Ages Section 5: Power of the church
The pope is the head of the Roman Catholic Church. • They were powerful political figures during the Middle Ages. • Around 1100, there was an upswing of piety in Europe, which is a person’s devotion to the Church.
Leo IX would start to reform the Church in 1049. • He helped put an end to simony and excommunicated bishops that were guilty of it.
Leo upset many people when he excommunicated the bishop of Constantinople in 1054, which caused a split. • Roman Catholics agreed with Leo and people who sided with the bishop were Orthodox.
In the Early Middle Ages, monasteries were being set up all across Europe. • They were paid for by local rulers. • By the early 900s, monks decided that monasteries should be strictly religious places.
