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Solution Process of Cu-based Chalcogenide Solar Cell

Solution Process of Cu-based Chalcogenide Solar Cell. High efficiency High stability Inexpensive substrate (Soda lime glass) Quaternary alloy Rare elements ( In,Ga ) Cd in buffer layer. CIGS Solar cell. Solution-based process Low-cost Compatible with buffer layer CBD process

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Solution Process of Cu-based Chalcogenide Solar Cell

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  1. Solution Process of Cu-based Chalcogenide Solar Cell

  2. High efficiency • High stability • Inexpensive substrate (Soda lime glass) • Quaternary alloy • Rare elements (In,Ga) • Cd in buffer layer CIGS Solar cell

  3. Solution-based process • Low-cost • Compatible with buffer layer CBD process • Continuous process • High material utilization • Composition control is easy CIGS from Nanoparticle Ink

  4. Hydrazine : Highly reductive, Volatile Liquid • Dissolution occurs through the reaction: • Evaporation of the solution yields (N2H5)4Sn2S6 crystals • Small volatile hydrazinium can be decomposed by low-temperature anneal Chalcogenide Solution

  5. Toxicity of hydrazine : • Skin contact may produce burns • Inhalation of the spray mist may produce severe irritation of respiratory tract • Severe over-exposure can result in death • Flammable • Flash Points: CLOSED CUP: 37.78°C (100°F) • Flammable Limits: LOWER: 2.9% UPPER: 98% • Extremely explosive in presence of oxidizing materials • Highly explosive in presence of metals Hydrazine & Safety

  6. Solvent has to be highly reactive to dissolve Chalcogenide • Toxicity : Skin burning, Irritation • Flammability and hazard of explosion • Solvent has to be volatile to decompose from hydrazinium compound at low-temperature • - Hazard of inhalation • - Difficult to handle Dilemma

  7. Conventional method : • Direct deposition of hydrazine based solution • Environmentally risky • Safety concern • Increase production cost • Hydrazine-free method • Safe & Clean deposition Hydrazine-free Deposition Evaporation Re-dissolution Hydrazinium Precursor

  8. Reports about hydrazine-free CIGS deposition are not available yet • Appropriate solvent that can dissolve hydrazinium precursors is required • In case of (N2H4)2(N2H5)In2Se4: Ehanolamine/DMSO co-solvent was used • Co-solvent effect : increased solubility can be originated from • Intermediate solubility parameter • Solvent-solvent interaction and solvent-solute interaction Hydrazine-free Deposition Ethanolamine

  9. Disadvantage of CIGS absorber: • Use of rare metals (In,Ga) • Increasing price • Risk of shortage Rare Metal

  10. CZTS absorber: • Suitable optical band-gap (1.4~1.5eV) • Abundant, Non-toxic materials • 6.7% Efficiency (2008) • Spin-coated CZTS absorber is not reported yet • Advantage of soluble CZTS absorber: • Precise composition control • Cost effective CZTS Solar Cell

  11. CuS and SnS can dissolve in hydrazine • Isolated hydrazinium precursor also can be prepared • Appropriate solvent for dissolving CuS/SnS precursors is not reported yet CZTS Solution Process

  12. ZnS dissolution in hydrazine is not reported yet (maybe it is not soluble in hydrazine) • ZnTe has bond characteristic much like covalent than main-group-metal chalcogenides • But ZnTeis still soluble in hydrazine • Isolated ZnS precursor can be prepared from Zn or ZnCl with hydrazine • Appropriate solvent for dissolving ZnSprecursors is not reported yet CZTS Solution Process

  13. CIGS absorber is attractive material for photovoltaic application but use of rare metals like In or Ga can be disadvantageous • Solution-process of CIGS deposition is cost-effective but use of hydrazine can be dangerous • Challenging Subjects: • Hydrazine-free deposition of CIS or CIGS photovoltaic absorber • Solution-processed deposition of CZTS photovoltaic absorber Conclusion

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