Bones and Joints

1. Bones and Joints BIO 110

2. The cells that are known as "bone builders" are • osteocytes. • chondrocytes. • osteoblasts. • osteoclasts.

3. Spongy bone is made up of a network of bony spines called • trabeculae. • osteons. • central canals. • lamellae.

4. The shaft of a long bone is called the • metaphysis. • lamella. • epiphysis. • diaphysis.

5. Vitamin D is necessary for • collagen formation. • the organic matrix of bone. C) increasing osteoclast activity. D) absorption calcium and phosphate ions.

6. Which of the following is associate with endochondrial ossification? A) The dermis and fibrous connective tissue is converted to bone tissue. B) Hyaline cartilage model forms. C) Osteoblasts deposit bone in areas of cartilage loss. D) Periosteum forms a collar around the cartilage.

7. Red bone marrow functions in the formation of • new bone. • blood cells. • adipose tissue. • osteoblasts.

8. This is the strong, fibrous connective tissue covering the bone. • Periosteum • Endosteum • Diaphysis • Epiphyses

9. The movement classification used when you turn the sole of your foot toward the other foot is ________. • Inversion • Pronation • Eversion • Flexion

10. A synovial joint is also known as a(n) • diarthrosis. • amphiarthrosis. • symphysis. • synarthrosis.

11. Which is an example of a ball-and-socket joint? A) shoulder B) elbow C) knee D) wrist

12. Circular motion is called • extension. • flexion. • adduction. • circumduction.

13. Moving your head to indicate "yes" and then to indicate "no" would correspond to which two movements? • flexion and rotation • elevation and circumduction • contraction and relaxation • supination and extension

14. Moving a body part away from the midline (i.e.; moving you arm from the side of you body) is known as: • abduction. • flexion. • adduction. • eversion.

15. A small, synovial-fluid-filled pocket in connective tissue, which may be connected to a joint cavity, is a • meniscus. • retinaculum. • bursa. • gomphosis.

16. The line where one cranial bone meets another is called a • Fontanel. • Foramen. • Suture. • Coronal.

17. The bones that form a synovial joint are held together by • Ligaments. • Synovial fluid. • Red marrow. • A symphysis.

18. During intramembranous ossification, which type of tissue is replaced by bone? a. hyaline cartilage b. elastic tissue c. mesenchymal connective tissue/ dermis d. adipose tissue

19. If the activity of osteoblasts exceeds the activity of osteoclasts in a bone, how will the mass of the bone be affected? a. mass becomes porous b. mass will not be affected c. more mass d. less mass

20. What effect would increased PTH secretion have on blood calcium levels? a. higher level of calcium due to osteoclast stimulation b. lower level of calcium due to osteoclast stimulation c. lower calcium levels due to calcitriol inhibition d. no effect on blood calcium; PTH affects calcium in the bones

21. A balance between which two hormones is essential for maintaining calcium homeostasis? a. calcitriol and parathyroid hormone b. calcitriol and thyroxine c. calcitonin and parathyroid hormone d. growth hormone and sex hormones

22. How would you classify a suture in the skull according to its movement/function? a. synarthrosis b. synchondrosis c. synostosis d. syndesmosis

23. Which answer below is an example of an amphiarthrotic joint? a. syndesmosis between the distal tibia and fibula b. symphysis between pubic bones c. symphysis between the vertebral bodies of the vertebral column d. all of the above

24. If you were looking at a synchondrosis in a skeleton, you’d be looking at the _____. a. joint between the first rib and manubrium b. epiphyseal cartilage between epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone c. pubic symphysis d. both A and B

25. Which joints are considered pivot joints? a. the joint between the tibia and fibula b. the joint between the pollex and metacarpal I c. the joints between the carpal bones d. the joint at the proximal radius and ulna

26. When you do jumping jacks, which lower limb movements are necessary? a. flexion and extension b. abduction and adduction c. flexion and abduction d. plantar flexion and eversion

27. A person standing on her toes is ____, while a person trying to kick his own gluteal region is _____. a. plantar flexing; flexing his leg b. dorsiflexing; extending his leg c. everting her feet; flexing his thigh d. inverting her feet; pronating his leg

28. Which vertebral movements are involved in (a) looking at the ceiling, (b) bending your neck side to side, and (c) moving your chin to your chest? a. (a) hyperflexion; (b) rotation; (c) flexion b. (a) hyperextension; (b) extension; (c) rotation c. (a) rotation; (b) lateral flexion; (c) flexion d. (a) hyperextension; (b) lateral flexion; (c) flexion

29. Muscle Practice Test

30. Which of the following statements is incorrect? A) The contractions of skeletal muscles pull on tendons and move bones of the skeleton. B) Skeletal muscles store nutrient reserves. C) Skeletal muscles are responsible for the pumping action of the heart. D) Skeletal muscle contractions help maintain body temperature.

31. Which of the following best describes the term sarcomere? A) protein that accounts for elasticity of resting muscle B) storage site for calcium ions C) thin filaments are anchored here D) contactile repeating unit of striated myofibrils

32. Interactions between actin and myosin filaments of the sarcomere are responsible for A) muscle contraction. B) muscle relaxation. C) the conduction of neural stimulation to the muscle fiber. D) muscle fatigue.

33. This structure stores calcium which can be used later for muscle contraction is the • sarcomere. • transverse tubule. C) neuromuscular junction. D) sarcoplasmicrecticulum

34. Each skeletal muscle fiber is controlled by a motor neuron at a single • sarcomere. • transverse tubule. C) neuromuscular junction. D) synaptic cleft.

35. The structure that allows for the action potential to continue into the cell is the • sarcomere. • transverse tubule. C) neuromuscular junction. D) sarcoplasmicrecticulum

36. A resting muscle generates most of its ATP by A) anaerobic respiration. B) aerobic metabolism. C) hydrolysis of creatine phosphate. D) glycolysis

37. The type of muscle fiber that is most resistant to fatigue (which is important for endurance) is the________ fiber. • intermediate • anaerobic • slow • fast

38. The narrow space between the synaptic terminal and the muscle fiber is the • motor end plate. • motor unit. • synaptic knob. • synaptic cleft.

39. Which of the following activities would employ isometric contractions? • standing at attention • running C) flexing the forearm D) writing

40. Creatine phosphate serves to • decompose ADP. • store and release ATP. C) synthesize ADP. D) cause the decomposition of ATP.

41. The term used to describe muscular growth in response to usage is • muscular dystrophy. • atrophy. C) myopathy. D) hypertrophy.

42. The neurotransmitter that initiates muscle contraction is: • aponeurosis. • acetylcholine. • fascicle. • buccinator.

43. The less-movable end of a skeletal muscle is the • insertion. • origin. • distal end. • proximal end.

44. Wasting away or deterioration of muscle is called ________. • Hypertrophy • Myositis • Ankylosis • Atrophy

45. Muscle A abducts the humerus, and muscle B adducts the humerus. What is the relationship between these two muscles? a. synergists b. antagonists c. agonists d. fixators

46. The connective tissue that connects muscle to bone is called a • Ligament. • Tendon. • Meniscus. • Symphysis.