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Chapter 11

Chapter 11. Gross Anatomy of the Brain and Cranial Nerves. The Nervous System can be divided in:. Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Cranial and spinal nerves, ganglia, sensory receptors. Division of the Peripheral Nervous System.

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Chapter 11

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  1. Chapter 11 Gross Anatomy of the Brain and Cranial Nerves

  2. The Nervous System can be divided in: • Central Nervous System (CNS) • Brain and Spinal Cord • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • Cranial and spinal nerves, ganglia, sensory receptors

  3. Division of the Peripheral Nervous System • Sensory or afferent • Somatic • Visceral • Motor or efferent • Somatic - voluntary • Visceral or Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) - involuntary • Sympathetic • Parasympathetic

  4. Major regions and landmarks • Six regions in the adult brain • Cerebrum • Diencephalon • Mesencephalon • Pons • Cerebellum • Medulla oblongata • Brain contains extensive areas of neural cortex • Layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebellum and cerebrum

  5. Embryology of the brain • Brain forms from three swellings at the tip of the developing neural tube • Prosencephalon • Forms the cerebrum and diencephalon • Mesencephalon • Rhombencephalon • Forms cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata

  6. The Cerebrum

  7. The cerebral hemispheres • Surface contains gyri, sulci, fissures • Fissures • Longitudinal fissure separates two cerebral hemispheres • Transverse fissureseparates cerebellumfrom cerebrum

  8. The Cerebrum

  9. The cerebral hemispheres • Sulci • Parieto-occipital sulcus separates parietal from occipital lobe • Lateral sulcus separates temporal from parietal lobe • Central sulcus separates frontal and parietal lobe

  10. The cerebral hemispheres • Gyri • Precentral gyrus • Poscentral gyrus

  11. The cerebral lobes • Frontal • Precentralgyrus • Primary motor area – conscious control of voluntary movements. • Premotor cortex – memory bank for skilled motor activities or of patterned and repetitious nature. • Broca’s area • Located on the left hemisphere. Controls speech.

  12. The cerebral lobes • Prefrontal cortex – responsible for personality, cognition, intellect. Lesion cause mental and personality disorder • Parietal • Primary Somatosensory Area – touch, pressure, temperature, vibration, and pain from body wall • Somatosensory association area – interprets stimulus sent by the above area. Ex: recognizes objects by touch.

  13. The cerebral lobes • Temporal • Primary Auditory area – temporal lobe. • Primary association auditory area – interprets the sound heard by above area • Wernicke’s area – only on left hemisphere, between parietal and temporal lobes. Area responsible for understanding spoken language • Olfactory area –uncus. Smell area.

  14. The cerebral lobes • Occipital • Primary visual area – perception of light • Visual association area – interprets the images seen on the area above • Insula • Gustatory cortex

  15. Cerebral hemispheres - internal structures • Gray matter • Cell bodies of the neurons • Dendrites • Small unmyelinated axons • Neuroglias

  16. Cerebral hemispheres - internal structures • White matter • Tracts • Association – connects 2 areas of the same hemisphere • Projection – connects upper and lower brain. Ex: internal capsule • Commissure – connects the 2 hemispheres.

  17. Tracts

  18. Sagittal Section

  19. Cerebral hemispheres - internal structures • Corpus callosum • Connects the 2 hemispheres • Fornix • Connects limbic system areas • Septum pellucidum • Separates the 2 lateral ventricles

  20. Cerebral hemispheres - internal structures • Basal Nuclei – regulation of voluntary motor activities. Allows smooth movements. • Caudate Nucleus • Putamen • Globuspallidus

  21. The Diencephalon

  22. Diencephalon: external view • Olfactory tract • Olfactory bulb • Optic nerve • Chiasma optic • Pituitary gland or hypophysis • Mammilary bodies – relay for olfaction

  23. The diencephalon is composed of • Epithalamus • Hypothalamus • Thalamus

  24. Sagittal Section Figure 14.12b

  25. The Epithalamus • Roof of the third ventricle • Contains choroid plexus • Contains pineal gland • Regulates sleep-awake cycle

  26. The thalamus • Relay area for impulses • Two large lobes of gray matter • Interthalamic adhesion or intermediate mass

  27. The hypothalamus • Autonomic center for regulation of body temperature, water balance, etc • Secretes hormones • Mammilary bodies – relay station for olfaction • Pituitary glands – secretes hormones • Optic chiasm

  28. The Brain Stem • Midbrain • Cerebral Aqueduct – connects third and forth ventricles • Cerebral peduncles – connects pons to cerebrum • Corpora quadrigemina • Superior colliculi – visual reflex center • Inferior colliculi – auditory reflex center

  29. The Brain Stem • Pons • Consists of tracts and nuclei • Connects brain to lower CNS • Medulla Oblongata • Tracts • Decussation of the pyramids • Autonomic reflex centers – heart rate, blood pressure, vomiting, swallowing, respiratory rhythm • Olives

  30. PART 2

  31. Cerebellum • Two hemispheres connected by the vermis • Arbor vitae – white matter • Cortex of gray matter

  32. The Cerebellum

  33. The Cerebellum

  34. The cranial meninges • Dura mater • Falxcerebri-formed by dura mater that dips into the longitudinal fissure and separates the 2 hemispheres • Falxcerebelli – separate the two cerebellar hemispheres

  35. The cranial meninges – dura mater • Superior sagittal Sinus – collects blood from the brain • Tentoriumcerebelli – separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

  36. The cranial meninges • Arachnoid • Subarachnoid space • Filled with CSF • Arachnoid villi – projections of the mater that protrude through the dura • For the CSF to drain back to the venous circulation

  37. The cranial meninges • Pia mater • Highly vascular • Covers the entire brain • Meningites

  38. The Relationship among the Brain, Cranium, and Meninges

  39. Ventricles of the brain • Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) • Lateral ventricles • Septum pellucidum • Interventricular foramina or foramen of Monro

  40. Ventricles of the brain • Third ventricle • Cerebral aqueduct • Forth ventricle • 3 Apertures

  41. Ventricles of the Brain

  42. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) • CSF cushions delicate neural structures • Supports the brain • Pathway of CSF • Produced at the Choroid plexus

  43. Cerebrospinal fluid • Travels through the apertures on the 4thventricle to the subarachnoid space • Diffuses across the arachnoid villus (granulation) into the superior sagittal sinus • Hydrocephalus

  44. The Circulation of CSF

  45. Cranial Nerves • 12 pairs of cranial nerves • To help to remember • “Old Opie Occasionally Tries Trigonometry And Fells Very Gloomy Vague And Hypoactive”

  46. The Cranial Nerves PLAY

  47. Cranial Nerves

  48. Cranial nerves

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