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Chapter 4: Perceiving Persons

Chapter 4: Perceiving Persons. Part 2: Feb. 14, 2012. Attribution Theories (cont.). 2) Kelly’s Covariation theory: Attribute behavior to internal (person) or external (situation) based on 3 questions – 1. Consensus 2. Distinctiveness 3. Consistency See fig 4.4.

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Chapter 4: Perceiving Persons

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  1. Chapter 4: Perceiving Persons Part 2: Feb. 14, 2012

  2. Attribution Theories (cont.) • 2) Kelly’s Covariation theory: • Attribute behavior to internal (person) or external (situation) based on 3 questions – • 1. Consensus • 2. Distinctiveness • 3. Consistency • See fig 4.4

  3. If low distinctiveness & low consensus, but high consistency, which attribution? • Example? • If high distinctiveness & high consensus, but low consistency, which attribution? • Example?

  4. Biases: Attribution Biases • 1) Attribution Biases • What are heuristics? • A) Availability heuristic • i) Can lead to false consensus • ii) Can lead to baserate fallacy

  5. iii) Linked to counterfactual thinking • Regret over what we might have done • Olympic results example: • 2) Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE): • What is it? • 2-step model:

  6. Examples & Sources of the FAE • Example – • Sources of FAE: • 1) Actor-observer difference. What is it? • 2) Time perspective – • 3) Cultural differences –

  7. Biases: Motivational Biases • 2) Motivational Biases • A) Self-serving biases • Influence of need for self-esteem • Belief in a just world

  8. B) Belief in a Just World • How does it work? • Effects on how we view others, especially victims? • Why might we ‘enhance’ victims?

  9. Biases: Confirmation Biases • 3) Confirmation Biases • A) Belief Perseverance - search for confirming evidence • “On Being Sane in Insane Places” example • What do we do with disconfirming evidence? • Remedy ?

  10. B) Self-fulfilling prophecy – • Expectations can lead to fulfillment • Pygmalion in the classroom – what are the results? • Rosenthal’s (1968) study – automatic process • 4 ways ‘bloomers’ were treated differently: • Differences between experiments on SFP and reality?

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