Ecology

1. Ecology Mrs. Knicely

2. Warm Up 4.29 & 4.30 • Placing a metal rod in a flame is an example of which type of heat transfer? a. Conduction c. Convection b. Radiation d. Subduction • This part of the eye focuses light onto the retina. a. Pupil c. Lens b. Cornea d. Iris • Both sound waves and P-waves… a. Are both transverse waves b. Are both longitudinal waves c. Are both seismic waves

3. Soil—The Key Ideas • Soils consist of weathered rocks and decomposed organic material from dead plants, animals, and bacteria. • Soils commonly occur in layers that have different characteristics. • Layers of soil are called soil horizons.

4. Soil Formation • Over many years, weathering and erosion will cause the formation of soil. • Soil is the loose, weathered material on the Earth’s surface in which plants can grow. • Soil forms as rock is broken down by weathering and mixes with other materials on the surface.

5. Soil Composition • Soil is constantly being formed wherever bedrock is exposed. • Bedrock is the solid layer of rock beneath the soil. • Soil is a mixture of rock particles, minerals, decayed organic material, air, and water.

6. Soil Composition and Texture • The decayed organic material in the soil is humus. • Humus is a dark-colored substance that forms as plant and animal remains decay. • Soil texture depends on the size of individual soil particles. • Soil texture is important for plant growth.

7. Soil Horizons • A soil horizon is a layer of soil that differs in color and texture from the layers above or below it. • Topsoil (A horizon) is a crumbly, dark brown soil that is a mixture of humus, clay, and other materials. • Subsoil (B horizon) usually consists of clay, and other particles washed down from the topsoil, but little humus. • C horizon contains only partly weathered rock.

8. Life in Soil • Some organisms mix the soil and make spaces in it for air and water. • Other soil organisms make humus, the material that makes soil fertile. • Humus forms through decomposition. • Fertile soil is rich in nutrients that plants need. • As plants shed leaves, they form a loose layer called litter.

9. The Effects of Weathering • All exposed rock is in the path of weathering and erosion. • Weathering is the process that breaks down rock and other substances at the Earth’s surface. • Heat, cold, water, ice, carbon dioxide, oxygen etc.. all contribute to weathering.

10. Weathering and Erosion • Weathering examples: • Repeated freezing and thawing. • Rainwater dissolving minerals. • Erosion is the movement of rock particles by wind water, ice, or gravity. • Weathering and erosion work together to carry away the rocks at the surface. • There are two types of weathering: • Mechanical Weathering • Chemical Weathering

11. Mechanical Weathering • Mechanical Weathering: rock is physically broken into smaller pieces that have the same chemical composition as the rock they came from. • Examples: • freezing and thawing, • release of pressure, • growth of plants, • actions of animals, and • abrasion (grinding away of rock by particles in the wind and water).

12. Chemical Weathering • Chemical Weathering: the process that breaks down rock through chemical changes and produces rock particles that have a different mineral makeup from the rock they came from. • Examples: • Hot or soft spots in rock • Water • Oxygen • Carbon Dioxide • Living organisms • Acid Rain

13. Rate of Weathering • The most important factors that determine the rate at which weathering occurs are the type of rock and climate . • Type of Rock • Minerals will determine the rate. • Permeable rocks (full of tiny air spaces) weather faster. • Climate: • Weathering occurs faster in wet climates and higher temperatures.

14. Soil Types in the U.S. • Tundra Soils • Northern Forest Soils • Prairie Soils • Mountain Soils • Southern Forest Soils • Desert Soils • Tropical Soils

15. Soil Conservation • Soil is one of Earth’s most valuable resources because everything that lives on the land depends directly on indirectly on soil. • Fertile soil is valuable because there is a limited supply. • Less than 1/8th of the land on Earth has soils well suited for farming.

16. Soil Damage and Loss • Soil can become exhausted, or lose its fertility. • Soil can also become lost to erosion by water and wind. • Water erosion can occur wherever soil is not protected by plant cover. • Wind erosion caused the Great Dust Bowl!!

17. The Dust Bowl • In the 1930s plowing removed the grass form the Great Plains and exposed the soil. In times of drought, the topsoil quickly dried out, turned to dust, and blew away. • This event helped people appreciate the value of soil. • Check It Out!!

18. Soil Lost To The Seas!!

19. Soil Conservation • Soil Conservation is the management of soil to prevent its destruction. • Two ways that soil can be conserved include contour plowing and conservation plowing.

20. Contour Plowing • Contour plowing is the practice of plowing fields along the contours of a slope. • This helps slow the runoff of excess rainfall and prevents it from washing the soil away.

21. Conservation Plowing • Conservation Plowing disturbs the soil and its plant cover as little as possible. • Dead weeds and stalks of the previous year’s crop are left in the ground to help return soil nutrients.

22. Warm Up 5.1 & 5.2 Copy down the following 3 questions and the correct answer: • The amount of kinetic energy in an object... a. Potential energy c. Electrical energy b. Thermal energy d. Light energy • Two examples of transverse waves are… a. Sound & P-waves c. Light and S-waves b. Sound & S-waves d. Light & P-waves • One example of an endothermic reaction is… a. Water freezing c. Hand warmers b. Baking bread d. A cake cooling off

24. Female Parts Male Parts Stamens Pistil Ovary Style Anther Filament Stigma

25. Root & Shoot Systems • Flowering plants are characterized by a root system and a shoot system. • The root system absorbs water and nutrients from the soil. • The shoot system is composed of the stem, leaves, and flowers. • This system allows the plant to obtain food and to reproduce. • Both the root system and shoot system work together to enable flowering plants to survive on land.

26. Pollination vs. Fertilization • Pollination – The process by which pollen is transferred in the reproduction of plants, enabling fertilization and sexual reproduction. • Fertilization – The fusion of gametes to create a new organism. Video: Bill Nye Plants video

27. Photosynthesis • Plants are autotrophic – make their own food • Takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells • 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2 • Crash Course: Photosynthesis

28. Cellular Respiration • Breaks down glucose (sugars/food) to form ATP (energy). C6H12O6+6O2 → 6CO2+6H2O+36ATP Crash Course: ATP and Cellular Respiration

29. Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration

30. Leaf Structures • Epidermis (waxy covering)and stomata (opening in leaf)prevent water loss • Guard cells surround and control the size of the opening of the stomata. • Transpiration – water loss through the stomata

31. Ecology - Vocab • Ecology – is the scientific study of how organisms interact with their environment and all the other organisms that live in that environment • Ecosystem- describes a particular environment and all the living things that are supported by it • Abiotic factors – nonliving parts • Ex. Air, soil, water, sunlight • Biotic factors- living factors • Plants, animals (depends on ecosystem)

32. Ecosystems song… • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUY_-LK_lOc

33. Read 1.1 • Read pages D9-D13 • Answer the Review questions on page D13 1-5 in your notebook.

34. Producers • Capture energy from sun to make food.

35. Consumers • Get their energy from eating other living things.

36. Decomposers • Feed on and breaks down dead plant and animal matter.

37. Food Chains

38. Food Web

39. Energy Pyramid • Usable energy decreases as you move up the pyramid.

40. Crash Course Video: Energy in an Ecosystem