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Field Research ( 質化田野研究、田野調查 )

Field Research ( 質化田野研究、田野調查 ). Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring, 2007 April 30, 2007. Part II. Observing and Collecting Data The Field Research Interview Leaving the field Ethical Dilemmas of Field Research. Observing and Collecting Data.

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Field Research ( 質化田野研究、田野調查 )

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  1. Field Research (質化田野研究、田野調查) Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring, 2007 April 30, 2007

  2. Part II • Observing and Collecting Data • The Field Research Interview • Leaving the field • Ethical Dilemmas of Field Research

  3. Observing and Collecting Data • Field data: what you experience, remember, and record in field notes (田野資料:你經歷的、記得的、記錄下來的資料) • Observing: pay close attention, watch, and listen carefully (detailed and tedious work) • Scrutinizes the physical setting (仔細檢視週遭環境) • Observe people and their actions • The context • Serendipity: 1) keen observation and excellent notes; 2) appreciate wait time • Listening • Argot (行話): 人們互動一段時間之後，會發展出彼此共享的符號或特定名詞，創造出新的字詞或賦予一般字詞新的意義。研究者要找出這些行話如何被運用在社會關係或意義中。

  4. Taking Notes • Most field data are in the form of field notes. (大部分的田野資料以田野筆記呈現) • Writing requires self-discipline: writing immediately after leaving the setting (田野筆記的記錄需要自我紀律: 離開場域後馬上寫筆記) • Notes: neat and organized

  5. Taking Notes • Types of Notes • Jotted notes (written in the field) (隨手筆記) • Direct observation notes (直接觀察的筆記) • Researcher inference notes (研究者推論筆記) • Analytical notes (分析筆記): methodological ideas, plans, tactics, procedural decisions, etc. • Personal notes (個人筆記): personal feelings and emotional reactions • Maps and Diagrams

  6. Taking Notes • Types of Notes • Jotted notes (written in the field) (隨手筆記) • Direct observation notes (直接觀察的筆記) • Researcher inference notes (研究者推論筆記) • Analytical notes (分析筆記): methodological ideas, plans, tactics, procedural decisions, etc. • Personal notes (個人筆記): personal feelings and emotional reactions • Maps and Diagrams • Machine Recordings to Supplement Memory (注意: 逐字稿不能取代田野筆記或研究者在場域內實際的經驗) • Interview Notes (訪談筆記): date, place of interview, characteristics of interviewee, content of the interview, etc. • Record all the details (記錄儘可能詳實) • But select and use only “the gold”

  7. Data Quality of Field Research • The meaning of quality: captures members’ social interaction and interpretation of social life, and provides an understanding of the member’s viewpoint (資料的品質: 抓住成員的社會互動及對生活的詮釋，提供對成員觀點的了解)

  8. Validity and Reliability in Qualitative Field Research • Reliability: a potential problem with reliability • Internal consistency (內在一致性): data plausible? • External consistency (外在一致性): verifying or cross-checking observations with other sources of data • Depending on a researcher’s insight, awareness, suspicions, and questions • Evaluate members’ credibility: consider subjectivity and context

  9. Validity and Reliability in Qualitative Field Research • Validity: accurate representations of the social worlds in the field • Replicability is not a criterion • Four kinds of validity or tests of research accuracy • Ecological validity (生態效度) • Natural history (自然歷史) • Member validation (成員檢視) • Competent insider performance (夠水準的圈內人的表現)

  10. Focusing and Sampling in Field Research • Focusing: gets a general picture first, then focuses on a few specific problems or issues

  11. Focusing and Sampling in Field Research • Sampling: theoretical sampling, snowball sampling • A researcher samples: times, situations, types of events (routine, special, and unanticipated) , locations, types of people, or contexts of interest

  12. The Field Research Interview • The field interview: unstructured, nondirective, in-depth (非結構性、非指導性的深入訪談) • Members actively participate • A mutual sharing of experiences between members and researchers • Members express themselves in the way they usually speak, think, and organize • Occur in a series over time • Differs from a friendly conversation • Watching for “markers” (訪談時受訪者不經意提起的過往事情，通常代表著重要事件或情感)

  13. The Field Research Interview • Types of questions asked: descriptive, structural and contrast questions (依序問描述性、結構性、對照性的問題) • 擅用追問(probe)的技巧 • Informants: a member who informs a researcher about the field • Interview context: usually in members’ home environment • See Table 13.1 in page 407.

  14. Leaving the field • The end of research may be difficult for a field researcher. • The exit process depends on the specific field setting and the relationships developed. • Leaving the field affects both researchers and members.

  15. Focus Groups (焦點團體訪談法) • People are informally “interviewed” in a group-discussion setting • 6-12 persons in a room with a moderator to discuss a few issues • Homogenous members, but no close friends and relatives • Often combine focus groups with quantitative research • Be aware of advantages and limitations (p. 412)

  16. Ethical Dilemmas of Field Research • Deception (欺騙) • Confidentiality (保密) • Involvement with Deviants • The Powerful • Publishing Field Reports: may ask members to verify

  17. Field Research • Begins data analysis and theorizing during the data collection phase • The researcher directly involves with members in a natural setting • Requires a combination of skills • Select appropriate research questions

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