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Chapter Two: Good Reasoning

Chapter Two: Good Reasoning. Applying Ethics: A Text with Readings (10 th ed.) Julie C. Van Camp, Jeffrey Olen, Vincent Barry Cengage Learning/Wadsworth. Arguments. Premises, reasons, evidence, supporting statements, grounds, conclusion Purpose To show that the conclusion is true OR

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Chapter Two: Good Reasoning

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  1. Chapter Two:Good Reasoning Applying Ethics: A Text with Readings (10th ed.) Julie C. Van Camp, Jeffrey Olen, Vincent Barry Cengage Learning/Wadsworth

  2. Arguments • Premises, reasons, evidence, supporting statements, grounds, conclusion • Purpose • To show that the conclusion is true OR • To show that it is reasonable to accept the conclusion as true

  3. Deductive Arguments • Arguments that claim to follow truth-preserving rules • Truth-preserving rule: if the first two statements (premises) are true, the conclusion will be true • Example of a truth-preserving rule: • If A, then B. • A. • Therefore, B. • How to disprove? • Counterexample

  4. Inductive Arguments • An argument in which supporting statements, or evidence, aim to show that it is reasonable to accept that the conclusion is true • Warranted argument: a good inductive argument • Argue from individual examples to a general claim orgeneralization

  5. What is a fallacy? • Fallacy: an unreliable means of arguing, one that does not provide good reason for accepting the argument’s conclusion • Formal fallacy: invalid deductive rules • Informal fallacy: various unreliable strategies that people tend to use • Hidden premises that are false or irrelevant or otherwise suspect

  6. Examples of Informal Fallacies • Ad Hominem Argument • An attack on the opponent rather than the opponent’s argument • Faulty Analogy • Misuse of argument by analogy (an argument that two things alike in some respects must be alike in other respects) • Questionable Authority • Supporting a conclusion by relying on the judgment of someone who is not a reliable authority

  7. More informal fallacies • Begging the question • Assuming a premise you want to prove • Equivocation • Implicit reliance on two different meanings of the same word to reach a conclusion • Hand Waving • Claiming something is true (or false) because everyone knows it

  8. More informal fallacies • Hasty generalization • Reaching a general conclusion form a sample that is biased or too small • Appeal to ignorance • Arguing that a claim is true (or false) because we have no evidence proving otherwise • Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc • “after this, therefore because of this” • Claiming that one thing is caused by another because it follows the other

  9. More informal fallacies • Red Herring • An irrelevant issue introduced to distract attention from the issue at hand • Slippery Slope • Assuming an action will inevitably lead to an unwanted outcome as a result of the small steps that inevitably will follow • Straw Man • A distortion of an opponent’s actual position to make it easier to attach

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