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ETHANOL

ETHANOL. C H 3 C H 2 O H. Gray = Carbon. White = Hydrogen. Red = Oxygen. What is Ethanol.   H  H |   | H-C- C-O-H    or C 2 H 5 OH |   | H H. Ethanol, or Ethyl Alcohol, is one compound in a large group called alcohols. Alcohols contain one or more “carbinol” groups. C-O-H or C-OH

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ETHANOL

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  1. ETHANOL CH3CH2OH Gray = Carbon White = Hydrogen Red = Oxygen

  2. What is Ethanol   H  H |   | H-C- C-O-H    or C2H5OH |   |H H • Ethanol, or Ethyl Alcohol, is one compound in a large group called alcohols. • Alcohols contain one or more “carbinol” groups. C-O-H or C-OH • Ethanol can be used as a source of fuel.

  3. Gasoline/Ethanol Mixtures • The first blends of gasoline and alcohol became available in the 1970s. These were 10% ethanol with 90% gasoline called gasohol. • In the late 1990s, a blend was introduced that contains 85% alcohol.

  4. Benefits of using Ethanol • A renewable resource • Increase fuel octane levels • Decrease engine emissions • Extend supply of gasoline • Reduce America’s dependence on foreign oil

  5. Octane • Octane is a measure of fuel quality. • Octane level measures a fuel’s ability to resist engine knocking caused by premature ignition of fuel. • Pure (100%) ethanol has an octane of 115. • Gasoline has an octane of between 85 and 95.

  6. Ethanol and the Environment • Ethanol reduces carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 27%. • Ethanol lowers harmful carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by 30%. • Ethanol is the safest component in fuel today.  A study by the Governors’ Ethanol Coalition concluded that ethanol poses no threat to surface or ground water. 

  7. Potential Concerns • May initially cause problems with engine performance, especially carbureted engines. • Not available in all areas.

  8. Where does ethanol come from? Can potentially be made from any plant that contains sugar or cellulose. Corn Trees Grasses

  9. Ethanol from Corn • One bushel of corn can be converted into over 2.5 gallons of ethanol. • At 120 bushels per acre, one acre of corn can produce 300 gallons of ethanol. • In 2003, over 1.5 billion gallons of ethanol was produced from corn.

  10. U.S. Corn Used for Ethanol

  11. Corn Processing Wet Milling Process Dry Milling Process

  12. Wet Milling • Corn is cleaned, steeped, and milled • Germ is separated • Starch is separated from the gluten • Enzymes are added to starch, converting it to dextrose which is a simple sugar • Sugar is fermented by yeast, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide (CO2) • Ethanol is separated and dehydrated (remove water) • Resulting in anhydrous ethanol (100%)

  13. Wet Milling Flow Chart

  14. Dry Milling • Corn is ground to a fine powder • Meal is mixed with water • Enzymes are added converting starch into sugar • Yeast is added converting sugar to ethanol and carbon dioxide (CO2) • Ethanol is separated and dehydrated (water removed) • Resulting in anhydrous ethanol (100%)

  15. Dry Milling Flow Chart

  16. By-products of Corn Milling • Gluten meal: 60% minimum protein, used for cattle feed • Gluten feed: 19% minimum protein, fine flake, beef or dairy cattle • Condensed distillers grain: high energy, natural protein palatable cattle feed • Brewers yeast: pure yeast for food production • Compressed CO2: Industrial gas, carbonated soft drinks

  17. Corn Gluten By-products pictures Distillers Grain

  18. What is ethanol currently used for? • Aviation • Racing • Passenger Vehicles

  19. Aviation Bell X-1 first manned airplane to exceed the speed of sound

  20. Bell X-1 • Chuck Yeager flew the Bell X-1 to Mach 1.45 or about 700 miles per hour • The Bell X-1 was powered by a rocket engine fuel consisting of ethanol/water mix and liquid oxygen

  21. AGE – 85 • Aviation Grade Ethanol • High performance fuel for piston-powered aircraft • Ethanol blend: 85% ethanol and 15% high octane petroleum-based gasoline • Environmentally friendly: lower exhaust emissions, cleaner engines • Safe: no carburetor or fuel line icing

  22. Racing

  23. Racing Facts • Gasoline contains no oxygen and ethanol is 35% oxygen. When using ethanol-blended fuel in racing engines, air flow can be reduced and fuel flow can be increased. • Ethanol-blended fuel burns cooler, allowing an increased compression ratio than pure gasoline.

  24. E10 Passenger Vehicles • A 10% ethanol-blended fuel is warranted by ALL U.S. auto manufacturers. • Fuels containing 10% ethanol may be used in any gasoline vehicle.

  25. E85 Passenger Vehicles • Several car manufacturers have developed cars specifically designed to run on either gasoline or ethanol blends. • Called “Flexible Fuel Vehicles”.

  26. E85 Passenger Vehicles • E85 is only available in certain states. • There are more than 1 million FFVs on America’s roadways. • There are more than 40,000 FFVs on Oklahoma’s roadways

  27. Flexible Fuel Vehicles Chevrolet Flexible Fuel Vehicles Ford Flexible Fuel Vehicles

  28. References • Leiden Observatoryhttp://www.strw.leidenuniv.nl • KL Process Design Grouphttp://www.klprocess.com • Iowa Cornhttp://www.iowacorn.org • BBI Internationalhttp://www.bbiethanol.com • American Coalition for Ethanolhttp://www.ethanol.org • California Science Centerhttp://www.casciencectr.org

  29. End of Section

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