Personality

1. Psychodynamic Theories Trait Theory Personality Cognitive Social Learning Theories *An individual’s unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persists over time and across situations. Humanistic Theories Personality Assessment

2. Issues in Personality 1. Free will or determinism? 2. Nature or nurture? 3. Past, present, or future? 4. Uniqueness or universality? 5. Equilibrium or growth? 6. Optimism or pessimism?

3. Psychodynamic Theories Behavior is the product of psychological forces within the individual, often outside of conscious awareness Sigmund Freud Neo-Freudians Central Tenets • Much of mental life is unconscious. People may behave in ways they themselves don’t understand. • Mental processes act in parallel, leading to conflicting thoughts and feelings. • Personality patterns begin in childhood. Childhood experiences strongly affect personality development. • Mental representations of self, others, and relationships guide interactions with others. • The development of personality involves learning to regulate aggressive and sexual feelings as well as becoming socially independent rather than dependent.

4. Sigmund Freud An Introduction

5. Backdrop of Freud’s Intellectual World • Darwin – Man is not special and can be studied like any other part of the natural order • Helmholtz – Law of the Conservation of Energy • Brucke – all living organisms are ‘energy systems’

6. Freud combines all of this: • The human PERSONALITY is an energy system • It is the job of psychology to investigate the change, transmission and conversion of this ‘psychic energy’ within the personality which shape and determine it.

7. These Drives are the ‘Energy’ • Eros (Life Instinct) • Covers all the self-preserving and erotic instincts • Libido is the most important of all – seen as sexual energy • Thanatos (Death Instinct) • Covers all the instincts toward aggression, self-destruction, and cruelty

8. Structure of the Mind • Tripartite Theoretical Model • Id • Super-ego • Ego

9. Unconscious

10. Id • Our baby-like self • “pleasure principle” - Oriented toward immediate unconditional gratification of desires and avoidance of pain • Libido • Irrational

11. Id has no contact with outside world • Pleasure through • Reflex action • Wish fulfillment - (fantasy) a mental image that satisfies the instinct

12. Wish fulfillment

13. Superego • Moral center - “should”, “should not” • We internalize the moral code of our society • Guilt • Irrational striving for moral perfection • Ego Ideal – perfect standards of what one would like to be

14. Learned, not present at birth

15. Ego • Deals with reality - “reality principle” • Has to negotiate demands of the id with the reality of living in society and with the demands of the ego. • rational

16. Id has no contact with outside world

17. Our demo yesterday • List 2 • jail • kiss • fine (please use inflection to denote attractiveness) • miniskirt • angry • _____________ (Say their name) • sex • topless dancer • mother/father • boy(girl)friend • fight List 1 • tree • paper • fish • chair • ocean • apple • house • green • shirt • rain • dog

18. What happens when the Id and Super-ego can’t reconcile • The psychic energy has to go somewhere! • Id won’t let it go • Super-ego won’t let it happen • To protect itself the organism employs defense mechanisms.

19. Psychoanalytic PerspectiveDefense mechanisms ~Denial: refusal to acknowledge a painful or threatening reality. ~Repression: exclude painful thoughts or feelings w/o realizing ~Projection: attributing own feelings on others. ~Identification: taking on someone else’s characteristics ~Regression: revert to childlike behavior ~Intellectualization: detaching from feelings by thinking about them intellectually. ~Reaction Formation: exaggeratedly opposite ideas and emotions. ~ Displacement: redirection of repressed motives or feelings onto substitute objects. ~Sublimation: transforming repressed motives or feelings into more socially accepted forms.

20. Thin line Between the conscious and unconscious • Sometimes our unconscious thoughts, etc slip into the conscious. • How? • “Freudian slips” • Dreams • Humor

21. So how does this play out • Humans are driven by the desire for bodily sexual pleasure (libido)– it gets released from different centers at different times. • But the parents act as the social coercion to balance these desires. – ‘Super-ego givers’ • Development is the resolution of a series of conflicts

22. So how does this play out • “Psychosexual” Stages of development • Oral: 0–18months • Sucking (Weaning) • Fixation – Gullible or Cynical • Anal: 18months–3 • Defecation (Potty training) • Fixation – Self Destructive vs. Anal Retentive • Phallic: 3-5/6 • Genitals (Oedipus Complex / Castration Anxiety) • Fixation Egotism (playa or ho) or low self-esteem The Official Portrait of the Danish Royal Family by Newcastle painter James Brennan.Photo: Glen Mccurtayne

23. So how does this play out • Latency 5/6 – 12/13 • all libidinal activity is suppressed. • Genital Stage – To puberty and beyond! • genitals and orgasm. • Focused on reproduction

24. Oedipus Complex • Phase One • Boy has a libidinal bond with the mother (breast feeding and mother as primary caregiver) • Parallel to this, the boy begins to identify with his father, the figure parallel to him in terms of biological sex. (Identification with the father's role as "lover" of mother.) • In this phase, these 2 relationship exist side-by-side and in relative harmony.

25. Oedipus Complex • Boy’s feelings Intensify • Sees the father as an obstacle and a rival who he desires to get rid of or to kill. • Worries the father will castrate him. • Boy is never 100% hostile. He keeps the identification so he is torn – ambivalence • Boy hopefully turns his psychic energy into full-on identification with the father. “Can’t beat’em, join’em.” • Boy is masculinized, eventually seeks his own sexual partner

26. Castration Anxiety • This fear or threat becomes real upon the observation of the female genitalia, which appear to be "castrated” • Sources of the castration complex: • Punishment for affectionate feelings for Mother • Punishment for masturbation • Punishment for bed-wetting

27. The "negative" outcome • He identifies with the Mother so much that the father becomes the focus of his libidinal interests • The boy exhibits "girl-like" behavior • He assumes an affectionate, feminine attitude toward the father (instead of feeling ambivalence) • Develops jealousy or even hostility toward the mother. • According to Freud, this can lead to . . . .

28. Feud’s Case Study: Little Hans • Would not go outside for fear of being bitten by a horse • Hans has said he wanted to sleep with his mother, “coax with” or caress her, be married to her, and have children “just like daddy.” • His parents warned that if he continued to play with his “widdler” (penis), it would be cut off. He noticed that his sister had no “widdler.” • Hans wanted his mother all to himself, was jealous of his father, and feared his mother would prefer his father’s bigger widdler. • Hans was most afraid of horses with black muzzles, • The Phobia started after Hans had “accidentally” knocked a statue of a horse from its stand.

29. The Electra Complex • But what about girls? • During the phallic stage the daughter becomes attached to her father and more hostile towards her mother. • Believes that mom is responsible for her not having a penis. • This is due mostly to the idea that the girl is "envious" of her father's penis thus the term "penis-envy". • This leads to resentment towards her mother, who the girl believes caused her castration.

30. Implications • Girls seek compensation for the "lost" penis; • They find this in the baby upon whom they can heap affection. • The sense of "motherhood" results from the castration complex, the sense of "loss" or "inadequacy" based on an "inferior" physical endowment in the genital region.

31. Oedipus in Pop Culture • The episode "Committed" (5.21) of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, shows a mother-son incest. • In Back to the Future (1985), Marty's mother Lorraine falls in love with him instead of Marty's father. • "The End" by The Doors, in which singer Jim Morrison sings: "Father/Yes son?/I want to kill you/Mother, I want to...