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Chapter 21

Chapter 21. Superposition and standing waves. http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/java/waveSuperposition/waveSuperposition.html. When waves combine. Two waves propagate in the same medium Their amplitudes are not large Then the total perturbation is the sum of the ones for each wave.

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Chapter 21

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  1. Chapter 21 Superposition and standing waves http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/java/waveSuperposition/waveSuperposition.html

  2. When waves combine Two waves propagate in the same medium Their amplitudes are not large Then the total perturbation is the sum of the ones for each wave On a string: Wave 1: y1 Wave 2: y2 Total wave: y1+y2 To an excellent approximation: waves just add up The principle of superposition

  3. The combination of waves can give very interesting effects On a string: Wave 1: y1=A sin(k1x-ω1t+1) Wave 2: y2=A sin(k2x- ω2t+ 2) Now suppose that k1=k+Δk k2=k- Δk ω1= ω+ Δωω2= ω- Δω 1= + Δ2= - Δ  note: 2- 1=2Δ And use sin(a+b) + sin(a-b)=2 sin(a) cos(b) to get y = y1 + y2 = 2A cos(Δk x – Δω t +Δ) sin(kx – ωt +)

  4. The amplitude can be between 2A and 0, depending onΔ Assume Δk=0 Δω=0 y = [2A cos(Δ ) ] sin(kx – ωt +) constructive interference WhenΔ =0 y = [2A ] sin(kx – ωt +) The waves add up The phase difference in WAVELENTGHS is 0 WhenΔ =π/2 or 2- 1=2Δ =π y = 0 The waves cancel out The phase difference in WAVELENTGHS is λ/2 destructive interference

  5. Behaves as a slowly changing amplitude More Generally y = [2A cos(Δk x – Δω t +Δ) ] sin(kx – ωt +) beats LOUD LOUD

  6. Two waves are observed to interfere constructively. Their phase difference, in radians, could be a. /2. b. . c. 3. d. 7. e. 6.

  7. Standing waves sin(k L)=0 λ/2 L A pulse on a string with both ends attached travels back and forth between the ends If we have two waves moving in opposite directions: Wave 1: y1=A sin(kx- ωt) Wave 2: y2=A sin(kx+ ωt) y = y1 + y2 =2Asin(k x)cos(ωt) If this is to survive for an attached string of length L y(x=0)=y(x=L)=0 For example, if λ=L/2 If λ does not have these values the back and forth motion will produce destructive interference. applet

  8. A pulse on a string with both ends attached travels back and forth between the ends Standing wave: y = 2Asin(k x)cos(ωt) λ=2L/n, n=1,2,3,… Smallest f is the fundamental frequency The others are multiples of it or, harmonics

  9. Two speakers are driven in phase by the same oscillator of frequency f. They are located a distance d from each other on a vertical pole as shown in the figure. A man walks towards the speakers in a direction perpendicular to the pole. a) How many times will he hear a minimum in the sound intensity b) How far is he from the pole at these moments? Let v represent the speed for sound and assume that the ground is carpeted and will not reflect the sound d h h L 14.9

  10. d h h L Cancellations when kx=…-5p,-3p,-p,p, 3p, 5p … Exercise 14.9 This is a case of interference I will need Pythagoras theorem

  11. Allowed n: all such that the right hand side is positive λ=v/f

  12. Destructive interference occurs when the path difference is • /2 •  • 2 • 3 • 4

  13. 14.13 • Two sinusoidal waves combining in a medium are described by the wave functions y1=(3cm)sin(x+0.6t) y2=(3cm)sin(x-0.6t) where x is in cm an t in seconds. Describe the maximum displacement of the motion at • x=0.25 cm b) x=0.5 cm c) x=1.5 cm d) Fine the three smallest (most negative) values of x corresponding to antinodes nodes when x=0 at all times

  14. Exercise 14.13 Superposition problem sin(a+b) + sin(a-b)=2 sin(a) cos(b)

  15. Sources of Musical Sound • Oscillating strings (guitar, piano, violin) • Oscillating membranes (drums) • Oscillating air columns (flute, oboe, organ pipe) • Oscillating wooden/steel blocks (xylophone, • marimba) • Standing Waves-Reflections • & Superposition • Dimensions restrict allowed • wavelengths-Resonant • Frequencies • Initial disturbance excites • various resonant • frequencies http://www.falstad.com/membrane/index.html

  16. Standing Wave Patterns for Air Columns v/λ=f Pipe Closed at Both Ends • Displacement Nodes • Pressure Anti-nodes • Same as String http://www.physics.gatech.edu/academics/Classes /2211/main/demos/standing_wwaves/stlwaves.htm Pipe Open at Both Ends Displacement Anti-nodes Pressure Nodes (Atmospheric) Same as String 3. Open One end beats demo

  17. Organ Pipe-Open Both Ends n = 1 λ = 2L A N A Turbulent Air flow excites large number of harmonics “Timbre”

  18. Problem 9 vsound = 331 m/s + 0.6 m/s TC TC is temp in celcius

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