Nationalism in Europe

1. CHAPTER 25 Nationalism in Europe Section 1: The Unification of Italy Section 2: The Unification of Germany Section 3: Opposition to Bismarck Section 4: Reform and Revolution in Russia Section 5: Unrest in Austria-Hungary

2. Section 1: The Unification of Italy Objectives: • Describe the events that led to nationalistic movements for unification in Italy. • Identify the important leaders in the fight for the unification of Italy. • Explain the problems Italy faced after unification.

3. Section 1: The Unification of Italy Liberals and Nationalists in Italy • Risorgimento – goals were liberation and unification • Young Italy movement – wanted a republic to rule Italy • Revolts in several Italian states failed

4. Section 1: The Unification of Italy Sardinia, France, and Austria • Cavour’s Sardinia – Cavour believed in separation of church and state • Napoléon III – French emperor, wanted France to dominate Italian states • War with Austria – Cavour and Napoléon conspired against Austria, but neither won dominance

5. Section 1: The Unification of Italy Garibaldi and the Thousand • Two Sicilies – Garibaldi and his army invaded and captured Sicily and Naples, stopped by Cavour

6. Section 1: The Unification of Italy Unification and its Problems • Cultural traditions • Tensions between industrialized north and agricultural south

7. Section 2: The Unification of Germany Objectives: • Explain how Prussia replaced Austria as the leading German state in Europe. • Identify the ways in which German unification differed from Italian unification. • Describe the changes in German government that occurred as a result of unification.

8. Section 2: The Unification of Germany Prussia as Leader • Large army • Efficient government • Strong economy • German nationalism

9. Section 2: The Unification of Germany The Zollverein • Adopted uniform weights, measures, and currency

10. Section 2: The Unification of Germany Bismarck and Prussian Strength • Collected taxes without approval • Ignored constitution

11. Section 2: The Unification of Germany Wars of Unification • The Danish War – Prussia and Austria declared war on Denmark over new Danish constitution • The Seven Weeks’ War – ended with Treaty of Prague • The Franco-Prussian War – Bismarck provoked war with the French and defeated them

12. Section 2: The Unification of Germany Formation of the German Empire • Included all German states except Austria • Bundesrat and Reichstag – made up legislative branch of new government • Prussian king ruled Germany and had most representatives in legislature

13. Section 3: Opposition to Bismarck Objectives: • Explain the problems Bismarck faced as chancellor of the German Empire. • Describe how Germany became industrialized under Bismarck’s leadership. • Identify the factors that led to the decline of Bismarck’s power as chancellor.

14. Section 3: Opposition to Bismarck Problems for the Empire • Political groups opposed Bismarck’s policies • Tension between Prussia and other German states • Kulturkampf – anti-Catholic program, ended so Bismarck could gain support of Centre Party

15. Section 3: Opposition to Bismarck Industrial Development under Bismarck • Standardized money and banking laws • Centralized postal and telegraph services • Encouraged cartels

16. Section 3: Opposition to Bismarck Socialism in Germany • Social Democratic Party – most were urban workers; twelve members of Reichstag; opposed by Bundesrat

17. Section 3: Opposition to Bismarck Bismarck’s Antisocialist Campaign • Government-directed social reforms – did not end socialism, but reduced workers’ grievances

18. Section 3: Opposition to Bismarck The Resignation of Bismarck • William II – conservative, absolute authority of monarch; accepted Bismarck’s resignation

19. Section 4: Reform and Revolution in Russia Objectives: • Explain the geographical and cultural factors that made Russia different from the rest of Europe. • Describe the characteristics of Russian domestic and foreign policies. • Identify the reform movements that occurred in Russia and their results.

20. Section 4: Reform and Revolution in Russia The Russian Empire • Undeveloped resources • Lack of ports • Diversity of population

21. Section 4: Reform and Revolution in Russia Russian Domestic and Foreign Policies • Czar had absolute power • “Russification” – forced non-Russian citizens to adopt Russian customs • Pan-Slavism • Southward expansion led to defeat in the Crimean War

22. Section 4: Reform and Revolution in Russia Alexander II and Reforms • Emancipation for the serfs – moved to cities and became cheap sources of labor • Alexander II’s other reforms – provincial and county-level councils, civil and criminal courts, limited power of secret police, expanded education, reorganized military

23. Section 4: Reform and Revolution in Russia Radicals and Government Reaction • Terrorist attacks – bombings and assassinations by political groups • Time of repression – censorship, control of church and education, spies and informers, imprisonment and exile

24. Section 4: Reform and Revolution in Russia The Revolution of 1905 • “Bloody Sunday” – czar’s troops shot unarmed strikers; mutinies in army and navy • October Manifesto – promised individual liberties, but autocracy continued • Failed to overthrow czar

25. Section 5: Unrest in Austria-Hungary Section 5: Objectives: • Explain what led to the formation of the Dual Monarchy and what problems it faced. • Describe how the decline of the Ottoman Empire affected European politics. • Discuss how ethnic clashes in southern Europe set the stage for a showdown among the major powers.

26. Section 5: Unrest in Austria-Hungary Results of the Uprisings • Metternich resigned after revolts • Magyars dominated Hungary

27. Section 5: Unrest in Austria-Hungary Formation of the Dual Monarchy • Austria-Hungary – had ministries for war, finance, and foreign affairs; each had own parliament

28. Section 5: Unrest in Austria-Hungary The Ottoman Empire and the Balkans • Military defeats • Diverse peoples in Balkans desired and won self-rule • Russia supported Balkan independence • Great Britain supported suppression of self-rule

29. Section 5: Unrest in Austria-Hungary The Congress of Berlin and the Balkan Wars • Treaty of Stefano – granted independence to several Balkan territories • Balkan League – Balkan nations who united to declare war on Ottoman Empire; Balkans won but fought a second war over division of lands