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Mood Disorders

Mood Disorders. Also known as affective disorders Depression, mania, or both Definition of depression Definition of mania Hypomania. Types of Mood Disorders. Unipolar Mood Disorder Technically could mean either depression or mania only, but almost exclusively used for depression

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Mood Disorders

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  1. Mood Disorders • Also known as affective disorders • Depression, mania, or both • Definition of depression • Definition of mania • Hypomania

  2. Types of Mood Disorders • Unipolar Mood Disorder • Technically could mean either depression or mania only, but almost exclusively used for depression • Bipolar Mood Disorder • Alternates Between Depression and Mania • Often referred to as manic-depression

  3. Major Depression Extremely Depressed Mood Lasting at least 2 weeks Anhedonia Cognitive Symptoms Vegetative Symptoms Single or Recurrent Episode

  4. Milder Symptoms than Major Depression But Longer Lasting At least 2 years With no more than two weeks without symptoms Can last a lifetime Dysthymic Disorder

  5. Double Depression Suffer from both Major Depression Dysthymia Dysthymia Typically First

  6. Patterns of Depression

  7. Manic-Depression “Roller Coaster” of Mood Manic Episode Elevated Mood Grandiosity Increased Activity Often Reckless Varied Impairment Bipolar Disorder

  8. Bipolar Disorder • Bipolar I • Major Depressive Episode(s) and Manic Episode(s) • Bipolar II • Major Depressive Episode(s) and Hypomanic Episode(s) • Cyclothymia • Dysthymic Episode(s) and Hypomanic Episode(s)

  9. Patterns of Manic Depression

  10. Familial and Genetic Influences

  11. Table 6-2, p. 217

  12. Additional Aspects • Lifetime Prevalence • See previous chart • Sex Differences • Females are twice as likely to have a mood disorder compared to men • The gender imbalance in depression disappears after age 65 • Bipolar disorders are distributed equally between males and females • Comorbidity, especially with Anxiety • Seasonal Pattern (aka Seasonal Affective Disorder)

  13. Social and Cultural Dimensions • Marriage and Interpersonal Relationships • Marital dissatisfaction is strongly related to depression • Gender Imbalances • Occur across all mood disorders, except bipolar disorders • Gender imbalance likely due to socialization

  14. Social and Cultural Dimensions • Social Support • Grief/Bereavement • Age • Oppression and poverty • Creativity • Life Stress

  15. Fig. 6-5, p. 231

  16. Tricyclic Antidepressants • Widely Used (e.g., Tofranil, Elavil) • Block Reuptake of Norepinephrine and Other Neurotransmitters • Takes 2 to 8 Weeks to Take Effect • Negative Side Effects Are Common • May be Lethal in Excessive Doses

  17. Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Inhibitors • Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) • Enzyme that breaks down serotonin/norepinephrine • MAO Inhibitors Block Monoamine Oxidase • MAO Inhibitors Are Slightly More Effective than Tricyclics • Must Avoid Foods Containing Tyramine (e.g., beer, red wine, cheese)

  18. Selective SerotonergicReuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) • Specifically Block Reuptake of Serotonin • Fluoxetine (Prozac) is the most popular SSRI • Paxil and others becoming more popular • SSRIs Pose No Unique Risk of Suicide or Violence • Disclaimer about Adoloescents • Negative Side Effects Are Common, but Fewer than Other Antidepressants

  19. Herbal/OTC Treatments • St. John’s Wort • SAMe • Some evidence of effectiveness, but beware • Lack of supervision • Interactions

  20. Lithium • Lithium Is a Common Salt • Traditional mood stabilizer for bipolar disorders • However, does not help everyone • Side Effects May Be Severe • Dosage must be carefully monitored • Why Lithium Works Remains Unclear

  21. Lithium (cont.)

  22. Table 6-5, p. 235

  23. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) • ECT • Brief electrical current applied to the brain • Results in temporary seizures • Several treatments are often required • ECT Is Effective for Cases of Severe Depression (When All Else Fails) • Side Effects Include Short-Term Memory Loss • Uncertain Why ECT Works and Relapse Is Common

  24. Psychological Treatment of Mood Disorders • Cognitive Therapy • Addresses cognitive errors in thinking • Also includes behavioral components • Behavioral Activation • Increased contact with reinforcing events • Interpersonal Psychotherapy • Focuses on problematic interpersonal relationships • Outcomes with Psychological Treatments Are Comparable to Medications

  25. pp. 256-257

  26. Suicide Facts and Statistics 30,000+ Kill Themselves Annually 8th Leading Cause of Death Higher among Young Adults More Men Kill Themselves More Women Attempt Pattern in Adolescents (see graph)

  27. Fig. 6-10, p. 245

  28. Fig. 6-9, p. 245

  29. Suicide Risk Factors • Past Suicidal Behavior • Suicide in the Family • Age • Gender • A Psychological Disorder • Alcohol Use and Abuse • Low Serotonin Levels • Publicity about Suicide and Media Coverage

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