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COMPARING VERTEBRATES

Delve into the world of vertebrates – fish, amphibians, and reptiles! Learn about their unique characteristics, movements, responses to the environment, respiration, circulation, water balance, and reproduction methods.

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COMPARING VERTEBRATES

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  1. COMPARING VERTEBRATES

  2. What is a vertebrate? • Vertebrates are animals with an internal skeleton made of bone • Although vertebrates represent only a very small percentage of all animals, their size and mobility often allow them to dominate their environment.

  3. What kinds of animals are included in “vertebrates”? • Fish • Amphibians • Reptiles • Birds • Mammals

  4. FISH

  5. There are three types of fish: • Jawless fish • Ex: Hagfish • Cartilaginous fish • Ex: Sharks • Bony fish • Ex: Goldfish

  6. Fish Movement • All fish have an endoskeleton made up of either cartilage or bone • Muscles attached to the endoskeleton allow fish to make strong movements • Fins on fish increase stability and help them move forward • Some fish use swim bladdersto help keep them afloat

  7. How do fish respond to the environment? • Fish have many organs to allow them to sense the environment • Eyes, nostrils, taste buds, inner ears • Fish have a unique organ called the lateral line which senses vibrations and helps fish direct their movement

  8. Respiration: How do fish get oxygen? • Fish use their gills to get the oxygen they need from the water • Gills are made up of fingerlike projections through which gases enter and exit the blood • In some fish, gills are covered by an operculum

  9. Circulation: How does blood circulate through a fish’s body? • Fish have a single-loop circulatory system • Blood travels from the gills to the body to the heart and back to the gills • Fish hearts have only two chambers (one atrium and one ventricle)

  10. How do fish maintain water balance? • Fish have kidneys • to regulate their body’s salt and water balance • to remove wastes from the blood • Excess water and body wastes leave the kidneys as urine

  11. How do fish reproduce? • Most fish reproduce sexually through external fertilizationin a process called spawning • During spawning • a female fish releases eggs into the water • then, a male fish swims over them and releases sperm

  12. AMPHIBIANS

  13. Amphibian Members • Frogs • Salamanders • Newts

  14. Amphibians have adaptations that allow them to live on land • Legs • Lungs • Double-loop Blood Circulation • Cutaneous (skin) Respiration

  15. Amphibian Movement • Amphibians move very differently than fish because of where they move (water vs. land) • Land living animals rely on their stronger skeletons for support against gravity • Limbs (arms and legs) allow for movement • Frogs have thick hip bones to absorb impact of landing after jumping

  16. How do amphibians respond to the environment? • Primary sensory organs of amphibians are the eyes and ears • Vision is important in hunting and avoiding predators • Sounds are transmitted to inner ear by the eardrum • Amphibians have a well developed brain

  17. Respiration: How do amphibians get oxygen? • Most adult amphibians get oxygen using lungs • Lungs are less effective than gills, but they don’t need to be as effective as gills because air has MUCH more oxygen than water does • Many amphibians also get oxygen through their thin, moist skin

  18. Circulation: How does blood circulate through an amphibian’s body? • Amphibians have a double-loop circulatory system • Structure of amphibian heart and circulatory system allows oxygen to be delivered to body more efficiently than fish • Amphibian hearts have 3 chambers (2 atria & 1 ventricle)

  19. How do amphibians maintain water balance? • Amphibians have kidneys like fish • Mucous glands on skin keep them moist and prevent them from drying out

  20. How do amphibians reproduce? • Amphibians are still tied to the water because it is where they reproduce • They reproduce sexually by external fertilization • Females lay eggs first, then they are fertilized by male • Young amphibians develop in water as tadpoles and breathe through their skin

  21. REPTILES

  22. Reptile Characteristics • First to live completely on land • Dominated during age of Dinosaurs • Can be found in a range of habitats (except extreme cold) • All modern reptiles • Have scales • Have clawed toes (except snakes) • Are ectothermic • Lack feathers or hair

  23. Reptile Movement • Have strong endoskeleton made of bone • Legs of reptile (if any) are positioned more directly under body than limbs of amphibians • This allows reptiles to move more easily on land • Claws are used for climbing and digging

  24. How do reptiles respond to the environment? • Many species of reptiles have keen vision to detect predators and prey • Reptiles use their Jacobson’s organ to “taste” the environment • Reptiles are ectothermic (can’t heat bodies using their metabolism) • Body temperature is mostly determined by environmental temperature • Many reptiles can change their body temperature by “sunning” or “shading” themselves

  25. Respiration: How do reptiles get oxygen? • Lungs have a large surface area, so they can get more oxygen in one breath than amphibians can • Strong muscles in rib cage move air into and out of lungs quickly, maximizing lung efficiency

  26. Circulation: How does blood circulate through a reptile’s body? • Reptiles still have a 3 chamber heart, but the lower chamber (ventricle) is partially divided, reducing the mixing of oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood • Therefore, oxygen is delivered to the body cells in reptiles more efficiently than it is in amphibians

  27. Reptile Reproduction • Reptilian eggs are fertilized internally (protects gamete from drying out on land) • Many reptiles are oviparous • Young hatch from egg laid outside of mother’s body • Eggs of these reptiles are not protected • Some reptiles are ovoviviparous • Fertilized eggs remain inside female’s body • Eggs of these reptiles are protected

  28. Reptile Reproduction • The amniotic egg is crucial to the reptile’s success as a terrestrial animal • It contains a water and food supply and is watertight which prevents drying out • Albumen (egg white) protects and cushions developing embryo • Yolk sac contains embryo’s main food supply

  29. BIRDS

  30. Bird Characteristics • A characteristic that birds have in common with reptiles is the amniotic egg • Characteristics that are unique to birds are wings, feathers, beaks, and hollowbones • Birds are endothermic: they generate enough heat through metabolism to maintain a high body temperature, regardless of the temperature of the environment

  31. Bird Characteristics • Birds need A LOT of energy to fly and regulate body temperature • This energy is obtained by a quick and efficient digestive system (they eat a lot!)

  32. Bird Adaptations • Birds have adaptations to allow them to fly, to eat the food that they eat, and to live in the environments that they live in • Feathers insulate birds from water and cold temperatures. • They may also be plucked to line the nest and provide insulation to the eggs and young. • The individual feathers in the wings and tail play important roles in controlling flight.

  33. Bird Adaptations • The bones of birds are thin and hollow • Many bones are fused, making the skeleton more rigid • Different beaks and feet are adaptations for different bird lifestyles • Perching birds have curved toes/water birds have webbed toes • Carnivorous birds have sharp beaks/water birds have rounded beaks to eat water plants

  34. Respiration: How do birds get oxygen? • Birds need a huge amount of energy to fly, which means they need a huge amount of oxygen • They have air-sacs which are oxygen reservoirs to keep a constant flow of fresh air through the lungs

  35. Circulation: How does blood circulate through a bird’s body? • For birds to circulate the huge amounts of oxygen needed for flight to all of their body cells, they need a very efficient heart and circulatory system • Birds have four heart chambers and a double-loop circulatory system • Their hearts also beat very fast when extra oxygen is needed

  36. Bird Reproduction • Internal fertilization • Amniotic egg w/ hard shell (prevents drying out) • Birds usually care for their eggs and for their young • Nests are built to protect eggs • Monogamy common

  37. MAMMALS

  38. Key Characteristics of Mammals • Mammals have hair • Uses include insulation, camouflage, advertising, sensing environment. • Mammals are endothermic • (Can maintain a constant body temp. despite temp. changes in environment) • This allows animals to live in cold temps. & be very active

  39. Key Characteristics of Mammals • Mammals have specializedteeth that reflect the differences in their diets • Mammalian teeth are not continuously replaced (they only have two sets!) • Four types of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, molars

  40. How do Mammals reproduce? • Internal fertilization occurs • Parental care in mammals is quite different from other vertebrates • Young mammals depend on their mothers for a relatively long time • They receive food, protection and shelter from her

  41. How do mammals move and respond to the environment? • Mammals use various methods of locomotion • Modes include running, hopping, climbing, burrowing, flying, and swimming • Bodies are adapted to moving around in particular environments

  42. How do mammals move and respond to the environment? • Mammals rely on their senses for survival • The importance of a sense depends on a mammal’s lifestyle and habitat • Echolocation is used by bats and dolphins to “see” their prey or obstacles in the environment

  43. Respiration: How do Mammals get Oxygen? • Lungs of mammals have LARGE internal surface area (more gas exchange per breath) • Aided by a diaphragm which enlarges abdominal cavity drawing air in

  44. Circulation: How do Mammals get oxygen to circulate around their bodies? • Mammals have a 4-chambered heart • This ensures only oxygen rich blood gets to the tissues

  45. Groups of Mammals • Monotremes are mammals that lay eggs • They are only found in Australia and New Guinea • Female monotremes do not have nipples: the young lap up milk that oozes from glands located in mother’s belly

  46. Groups of Mammals • Marsupialsspend most of their time developing in their mother’s pouch • Mostly found in Australia & South America

  47. Groups of Mammals • Placental Mammals are the most familiar types of mammals • Make up 95% of all mammalian species • The young develop inside female’s uterus, where they are nourished by her blood • Many are domesticated

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