Unit 4 Dealing With Aids

1. Unit 4 Dealing With Aids

2. Contents • Pre-reading questions • Background information • Structural analysis • Language points of Text I • Grammatical items • Exercises • Comprehension questions of Text II • Oral activities • Writing practice

3. Pre-reading questions • What kind of disease do you know AIDS is? • How much do you know about 2003’s SARS attack?

4. SARS • Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 【医】严重急性呼吸道综合症 (在中国俗称为“非典”, 即非典型性肺炎。) 2003 年 2 月首次发现于中国广东、香港以及越南的河内等地, 并迅速蔓延到世界 27 个国家和地区。

5. Some common epidemic diseases • Pneumonia 肺炎 • Hepatitis肝炎 • Tuberculosis 肺结核 • Brain fever脑膜炎 • Malaria疟疾 • Influenza流感 • Plague瘟疫

6. Background Information on Text IWhat is HIV and what is AIDS? HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus.  It is the virus that causes AIDS. 人体免疫缺损病毒，艾滋病病毒 AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. 获得性免疫功能丧失综合症

7. How is HIV transmitted? HIV can be transmitted through the blood, sexual fluids, or breast milk of an HIV-infected person. People can get HIV if one of these fluids enters the body and into the bloodstream. The disease can be passed during unprotected sex with a HIV-infected person. An HIV-infected mother can transmit HIV to her infant during pregnancy, delivery or while breastfeeding. People can also become infected with HIV when using injection drugs through sharing needles and other equipment.

8. Why there is stigma related to HIV and AIDS? • HIV/AIDS is a life-threatening disease • People are scared of contracting HIV • The disease's association with behaviors (such as sex between men and injecting drug-use) that are already stigmatized in many societies • People living with HIV/AIDS are often thought of as being responsible for becoming infected • Religious or moral beliefs that lead some people to believe that having HIV/AIDS is the result of moral fault that deserves to be punished.

9. Discussion • Video http://www.scivee.tv/node/5394 • http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMTgzMzcxMTky.html • Do you think AIDS education important or not? Why?

10. Why HIV/AIDS education? • the first of which is to prevent new infections from taking place. • A second reason that AIDS education is needed is to improve quality of life for HIV positive people • The third reason people need AIDS education is to reduce stigma and discrimination

11. Why is AIDS Education Important for Young People? • Young people are especially vulnerable to HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). They are also vulnerable as regards drug use (and not just injected drugs). Even if they are not engaging in risk behaviors today, they may soon be exposed to situations that put them at risk. • In many countries 60% of all new HIV infections are among 15-24 year-olds. Also the highest rates of STDs are usually found in the age range 20-24 years, followed by 15-19 years.

12. World AIDS Day • According to UNAIDS estimates, there were 37.2 million adults and 2.2 million children living with HIV at the end of 2004, and during the year 4.9 million new people became infected with the virus. 35. 95% of the total number of people with HIV/AIDS live in the developing world. But HIV still remains a threat to people of all ages and nationalities. • World AIDS Day is observed each December first. World health ministers started the campaign in 1988 . • World AIDS Day is not just about raising money, but also about raising awareness, education and fighting prejudice. World AIDS Day is also important in reminding people that HIV has not gone away, and that there are many things still to be done.

13. Situations in China • China Statistics • Estimated number of people living with HIV/AIDS, end 2003 : 840,000 • Adults (15-49) : 830,000 • Women (15-49) : 190,000 • Estimated number of AIDS deaths in 2003 : 30,000

14. Situations in China • China is experiencing one of the most rapidly expanding HIV epidemics in the world. Since 1999, there has been a 30% annual rate of increase of reported HIV infections. Based on this calculation, it is projected that the number people living with HIV/AIDS in China will exceed 10 million by 2010, if there is not enough effort to control the epidemic.

15. Situations in China • The most frequent modes of HIV transmission have been injecting drug use in southern and western China and unsafe practices among paid blood donors. In rural areas where people earned money donating blood plasma(血浆) in the early 1990s, infection levels of 10-20% have been found, rising to 60% in certain communities.

16. Situations in China • Heterosexually异性恋 transmitted HIV is occurring primarily in the eastern provinces of China, fueled by an increasing commercial sex trade and by the large number of migrants moving to these provinces in search of labor. The percentage of female prostitutes who do not use condoms decreased from 66.7% in 1999 to 37.4% in 2001. HIV has been identified in some urban areas among men who have sex with men but this population is stigmatized and is difficult to survey.

17. Structure Analysis Part 1 ( paragraph 1 ) Paragraph 1 is the beginning of the text. The first sentence asserts the beneficial result from dealing with AIDS, which may be considered the enlightening message of the text. This paragraph also makes clear the exact date when the word AIDS came into the writer's life. Besides, the writer tells us that he had been the most carefree boy in the world until AIDS became known to him.

18. Part 2 ( paragraph 2 –4 ) • These paragraphs form the second part of the text. Paragraph 2 tells us how the writer had tried to get in touch with David, his best friend, and how the writer finally got to know the fact that his friend was suffering from AIDS. • Paragraph 3 describes how the writer felt about his friend's fatal disease, and how his friend caught the disease. It also points out that even his par­ents could not do anything about his friend's illness and that he had to deal with it all on his own. • Paragraph 4 describes how others responded to David's disease, what attitude the writer adopted towards it and why others stayed away from both David and the writer.

19. Part 3 ( paragraph 5 ---7 ) • Paragraphs 5 - 7, the third part of the text, tell us that the writer kept an active and positive attitude for the sake of his friend David and showed great concern for him. • To be more specific, the writer contained his emotions in front of his friend; he went to doctor after doctor with him, brought him stuff from the ocean, his favorite place; he spent every hour he could accompanying his friend in the hospital where his friend was being treated until David's last breath.

20. Part 4 ( paragraph 8 ) • This paragraph, the concluding part, points out the specific date that marked the end of David's life, describes the writer's emotions towards David's death, and informs us how the writer keeps his friend's memory alive.

21. Language Points of Text 1 1. dealing with AIDS: taking action against AIDS 2. strengthen : become or make strong or increase the strength of e.g. The soldiers strengthened their defenses. We have strengthened our national economy and contained the inflation The wind had strengthened overnight.. 3. bond 1) something that forms a connection between people or groups, such as a feeling of friendship or shared ideas and experiences e.g. Common tastes form a bond between the two men.  共同的爱好使两人结交为朋友。 2) a written agreement or promise that has legal force e.g. We entered into a solemn bond with them.我们缔结了一项正式协定.

22. 4. mature: maturation 1).fully grown or developed mentally or physically e.g. In China a person over 18 years old is considered mature. Her character matured during these years. • 5. carefree : free from anxiety ; having no worries or problems • e.g. Little children are always carefree. • He thought back to the carefree days of his childhood. • After finishing our exams we all felt happy and carefree. • 6. I was just living life up. : I was just enjoying life to my heart’s content.

23. 7. invincible : incapable of being overcome or defeated; unconquerable • e.g. Our manager has an invincible will.  • 我们的经理有着坚强的意志。 • There is no army in the world that is invincible. • 8. … so we didn’t hang out as much .: … so we did not spend a lot of time together as we had done before we go to high school. • Hang out : (informal) visit a place often; spend a lot of time in a particular place • e.g. Where has he been hanging out these days? • I often used to hang out in supermarkets.

24. 9. bother: • 1).disturb or anger ,especially by minor irritations; annoy • e.g. The problem has been bothering me for weeks. • 那问题已经困扰了我几个星期. • 2)take the trouble; concern oneself • e.g. Shall I help you with the washing up?' `Don't bother I'll do it later.' ‘ • 10. so I called him and he hung up on me : so I phoned him but he refused to talk to me on the phone by replacing the receiver. / so I rang him up , but he put back the receiver because he did not want to have a telephone conversation with me . • hang up (on) sb : ( informal ) end a telephone conversation by replacing the receiver • e.g. I didn't have a chance to apologize: she hung up on me.  • 我没有机会向她道歉，我还未讲完，她就把电话挂了。

25. 11. so once again I blew it off. : so I failed to get him once more. / so I once again gave up my effort to talk to him. • The word it in ‘blew it off’ has no exact meaning .it is used after the verb to help form the idiom “blow it off”. • 12. I confronted him as to why we are not friends any more. : I faced him bravely ( came face to face with him ), challenging him why we were not friends any more. • Confront: • 1).come face to face with , especially with defiance or hostility. • Confronted by an angry crowd the police retreated.

26. 2)come up against ; encounter • e.g. Walking in such a jungle, you will confront danger at every turn. • As to : with regard to ; on the subject of ;concerning • e.g. At worst we'll have to sell the house so as to settle our debts. • He is very uncertain as to whether it is the right job for him.

27. 13. break down: • (1)    lose control of one’s feelings • e.g. He broke down and wept when he heard the news. • (2) cease to function because of a mechanical or electrical fault • e.g. The telephone system has broken down. • (3) fail to have any results; collapse • e.g. Negotiations between the two sides have broken down . • 14. affect: • (1)    have an influence on or effect a change in • e.g. The climate affected his health.  • (2)  act on the emotions of ;touch or move • e.g. He was much affected by the sad news. 

28. 15. a sick joke : a disgusting joke ; a joke which is unhealthy or unnaturally cruel • 16. when I got home things started to make sense. : when I came back home , I began to understand things./ when I returned home I began to realize the situation. • Make sense : • (1)    have an understandable meaning • e.g. Can you make sense of this poem? • (2)    be sensible ; have or show sense • e.g. It doesn’t make sense to buy that very expensive leather coat when these cheaper ones are just as good.

29. 17. I had to handle it all on my own.: I had to cope with it completely by myself. / I had to deal with it all alone, since my parents would do nothing about it this time . • handle : • (1)    touch ,lift , or hold with the hands • e.g. Customers are asked not to handle the goods in the shop. • (2)    operate with the hands ; manipulate • e.g. He is very skillful at handling the machine . • (3)    cope with or dispose of • e.g. I was impressed by her handling of the affair.

30. 18. David and I became very close again .: David and I became intimate friends again, just as we had been in the past. • Close: • (1)    near in space or time • The two planets look very close to each other, but actually they are many light-years apart. • (2)    near in relationship • e.g. Close relatives are forbidden to marry each other. • (3) bound by mutual interests , loyalties, or affections ; intimate • e.g. We become close friends because of many similar likes and dislikes.

31. 19. sooner or later: one day ; eventually ( whether immediately or in the future ) • e.g. You will leave your parents sooner or later. • 20. find out : learn by study or inquiry • e.g. You can find out many advantages in urban life. • She will certainly find out the truth sooner or later.

32. 21. as if he had a plague. : as though he was a carrier of a plague. • Plague: • (1) an attack of disease causing death and spreading quickly to many people • e.g. A great plague was then raging in the city. • 那时一场大瘟疫正在该城肆虐。 • (2)  a widespread , uncontrollable , and harmful mass or number • e.g. A plague of locusts destroyed all the crops in this area. • 22. our friends from school wanted nothing to do with him : our friends from school did not want to have any connection with him. They stayed away from him and avoided getting in touch with him.

33. 23. all of a sudden : suddenly ; unexpectedly • e.g. All of a sudden , the front tyre burst, and the driver had to stop and get it replaced. • 24. keep up : move or progress at the same rate • e.g. The high cost of raw materials is keeping prices up. • She likes to keep up with the latest fashions.

34. 25. realize: • (1) comprehend or understand completely or correctly • e.g. Only after you lose your health, will you realize the importance of health. • (2)    make real ; to make come true ; fulfill • e.g. He finally realized his lifelong ambition to be a diplomat. • 26. go through sth. : experience, endure or suffer sth. • e.g. She'sgone through a difficult time recently. • The hero has gone through numerous hardships and difficulties.

35. 27. I must keep a positive attitude for his sake. : • For his benefit I must maintain an active and cheerful attitude, showing a firm belief that he would be able to conquer his disease. / In order to improve David's health, I must continue to display confidence that he would be able to overcome AIDS in the end. • positive • (1) characterized by or displaying certainty, acceptance, or affirmation • e.g. There is positive proof that he did it.  • (2) very sure; quite certain; confident • e.g. We must keep a positive attitude towards patients suffering from cancer.

36. 28.stress • (1) a state of extreme difficulty, pressure, or strain • e.g. I can't bear the stresses and strains of modern life.我不能忍受现代生活的压力和紧张。 • (2) importance, significance, or emphasis placed on sth. : • e.g. The government put great stress on this issue. • 29. recognize: • know again (sb. or sth. that one has seen, heard, or experienced before) • e.g. He has changed so much that I can hardly recognize him.

37. 30. lesion: a wound; a dangerous change in the form or working of a part of the body, especially after an operation or accident • 损害,损伤精神的伤害,障碍 • e.g. He has purple lesions all over his body because he has experienced an operation. • The patient has been suffering from a brain lesion since his operation.

38. 31. maintain • (1) keep up or carry on; continue • e.g. Part of my job is to maintain good relationship with our suppliers. • (2) keep in an existing state; preserve or retain • e.g. The government has taken a measure to maintain the stability of prices.

39. 32.outlook • (1) a point of view; an attitude • e.g. A positive outlook on life is very important to success. • (2) view on which one looks out • e.g. The villa has a pleasant outlook over the valley.

40. 33. grateful : appreciative of benefits received; thankful; expressing gratitude • e.g. I am heartily grateful to your help. • I am very grateful to all the teachers who have taught me at this university.

41. Grammar Exercises • I. Put in any, each, all, every, some or one of their compounds. • 1. That book is so badly printed that there is a printer’s error on _____ page. So __________ page will have to be reset before we reprint. • 2. He is so much worried about his daughter as she is _________ to him. • 3.Let’s sit down __________ and talk. • 4. Burglaries are such a(n) __________ occurrence in big cities that most newspapers do not bother to report them. every each every/each everything somewhere everyday

42. somehow anything • 5. I must get to the shops ______ or other this afternoon. I haven’t got _____ in the house for supper. • 6. Do you know _______ who would be interested in a position as a a receptionist in our office? We need ______ with a really friendly manner. • 7. If war is to be averted, a(n)______ peace drive must be started at once. • 8. She put her handbag down __________ and now she can’t find it. anyone someone all-out somewhere

43. C C • Part II. Choose the best answer • 1. Columbus was determined to cross ______ of the Atlantic Ocean by sailing westwards from Europe • A. dangerous water B. the dangerous water • C. the dangerous water D. dangerous waters • 2. The young teacher has published ______ on the teaching of English. • A. three paper B. three pieces of paper • C. three papers D. three pieces of papers • 3. _______ of English is essential for those who apply for the post. • A. Good knowledge B. A good knowledge • C. Good knowledge D. The good knowledge • II. Choose the best answer • 4. Diana is brilliant. She has certainly got ________ • A. plenty of brain B. brain C. plenty of brains D. much brain • 5. As everyone knows, warm _______ is comfortable in winter. • A. clothes B. clothings C. cloth D. clothing • 6. The earthquake caused _______ to the district. • A. damage B. a damage C. damages D. the damage B C D A

44. in since • Part III. Insert suitable prepositions in the following sentences. • 1. He has it ______ him to be a doctor. • 2. She has not been herself ______since the accident. • 3. Fear lay ______her show of bravery. • 4. There is no point _____ going _____car if we can’t park near the theatre. • 5. The garage deals ____ gasoline, oil, tires, etc. • 6. I object _____ being kept waiting. Why are you always late _______ appointments? • 7. As the child was too young to travel ______herself, they arranged _____ her to travel _____the guard’s van ___ the care _____ the guard. • 8. Much Ado About Nothing is ______ Shakespeare, and you’ll find more ______ the plays _____the bookstore. behind in by in to for by by for in of by of in

45. Vocabulary Exercises I. Explain the italicized part in each sentence in your own words. • 1. I had no worries and was just living life up. • having a very enjoyable and exciting time • 2.So I called him and he hung up on me. • disconnected and refused to take my phone call • 3.Also, I couldn’t turn my back on him when he needed me • the most. • go away from him or refuse to be with him • 4.So I stuck it out and lost most of my friends. • didn’t give up or endure being with him • 5. I went to doctor after doctor with him, and saw him • go through so much • experience so much pain and stress • 6. I still had to be the strong one and keep everything in. • endure all the hard experience by myself

46. Part II. Fill in each blank with one of the two words from each pair and note the difference of meaning between them. • 1. Carefree careless • a. He no longer has that _________ smile as before, but instead carries the sad look of a mother who has just lost her son. • b.The pop singer was accused of _________ and drunk driving, which greatly harmed his career. • c.It was reported that some _________ police officers lost four guns on their way to the crime scene. • d.To her, the baby’s birth marked the end of a ______ life when she never seemed to have any worries and responsibilities. carefree careless careless carefree

47. sick • 2. sick ill • a. Outside, the ______ children were lying naked in the sun with nobody attending to them. • b. He said he quit the job because he was _____ and tired of doing the same thing for over 5 years . • c.It is a Chinese superstitious belief that a black cat will bring _______luck into a household. • d.What if he becomes ________.He is the breadwinner of the family. sick ill ill

48. Part III. Fill in the blank in each sentence with an appropriate form of the given capitalized word in the bracket. • 1, Let’s go for a picnic tomorrow unless the weather forecast is ______________(favour) • 2. A successful business needs good _________.(organism) • 3. The ring was not at all valuable; in fact, it was almost ________.(worth) • 4. Your job will be to see that no ______________product leaves this part of the factory.(perfect) • 5. The floor of the attic needs_______________ if we’re going to make it into a bedroom.(strong) • 6. He is ___________ of what he has done. (shame) unfavorable organization worthless imperfect strengthening ashamed

49. Translation Exercises • 1.这是为增强我们的竞争能力所做的有步骤的尝试. (strength) • It’s a systematic attempt to strengthen our competitive ability. • 2. 这个地区的警察知道那些小偷经常出没于那些地方 。(hang out) • The police in this district know where the thieves hang out. • 3.那些签署的协议将冲破对自由贸易设置的所有障碍。（break out) • The agreements signed will break down all the barriers to free trade. • 4. 那是一种非常困难的局势，但他应付的很成功。（handle) • It was a very difficult situation, but he handled it quite successfully.

50. 5. 他是我最好的朋友。既然他需要我的帮助，我可不能对 • 他置之不理。（turn one’s back on) • He is my best friend.I just can’t turn my back on him now that he • needs my help. • 6. 只要你努力工作，你迟早一定会获得成功，实现自己的抱负。 • （sooner or later) • So long as you work hard, you are bound to succeed and realize • your ambition sooner or later. • 7. 虽然他讨厌这工作，但他决心坚持下去，因为他需要钱来 • 养家。(stick out) • Although he hates the job, yet he is determined to stick it out • because he needs the money to support the family. • 8, 那位癌症病人对疾病始终抱乐观的态度，坚持与疾病作斗 • 争，最后终于战胜了癌症 (keep an attitude) • The cancer patient kept an optimistic attitude towards his • disease, persisted in combating it, and conquered it in the end