Bell Ringer

1. Bell Ringer • What were the M.A.I.N. causes of WW I? • Name the 6 Important countries of WWI • Why did the US try to stay out of World War I?

2. CH 21-25: World War I

3. World War I • The OVERWHELMING Majority of what you will see on these slides was in your Winter packet. Therefore direct notes should NOT be necessary, but paying attention to make sure you understand everything will be critical. • World War I has many names: WWI, The Great War, The War to End all Wars, The First War, The World War

4. Franco Prussian War • War between the French and the Germans (Historic Enemies) • Ends with the French winning • The French gain the territory of Alsace-Lorraine which has useful iron deposits, and is militarily strategic. • This territory had been switched between the French & “Germans” for most of history, as it contains BOTH French and German speakers, and Both believe it belongs to them

5. 4 Contributing Factors for WWI • World War I is generally attributed to four MAIN factors: • Militarism • Alliances • Imperialism • Nationalism

6. Militarism & Imperialism • Militarism is the belief that a nation should have a strong military. • You wanted a strong military to protect yourself & your over seas possessions • Imperialism is the holding of territory/land for its’ resources or strategic value. • This leads to greater competition between European Powers, and will cause them to militarize.

7. Alliances would be agreements between nations to aid one another • The Alliances in Europe became some confused and muddled in the early 1900s that they became Entangling Alliances: If any one country declared war on another country other countries HAD to become involved. • This also encouraged have a big Military

8. Nationalism • In the later 1400 & early 1500s new nations appeared: France, England, Spain, etc. • This same phenomenon was taking place in Eastern Europe in the early 1900s: Russia, the Ottoman Empire, and the Balkans. • The People who wanted their own nation were full of pride and willing to go to extreme measures. This created a highly tense situation in Europe.

9. The Assassination of Franz Ferdinand • The Archduke of Austria, Franz Ferdinand, was visiting Sarajevo (a possession of the Austro-Hungarian Empire) • While there a militant nationalist anarchist assassinated the Archduke on June 28th 1914. • Austria-Hungary will declare war on Serbia on July 18th 1914, and the entangling alliances kick in.

10. Allied Powers (Triple Entente) • Britain • France • Russian Empire • Serbia • Italy • Central Powers (Triple Alliance) • Austria-Hungary • Germany • Ottoman Empire • Bulgaria

11. The US (Isolationism) • As we’ve learned the US isn’t what you would call a “Global Player” • The US maintains its’ policy of isolationism, and declares themselves Neutral. • Though we were official neutral the US & British had a close international Relationship, and the War spurred the growth of an Anti-German Sentiment in the USA.

12. What Dragged the US in? • Two main Factors pull the US into World War I • Unrestricted Submarine Warfare & the Zimmerman Telegram • Unrestricted Submarine Warfare: • The Germans had created U-Boats (Submarines) and were using them against the British Navy. • Occasionally a civilian/merchant ship would get sunk

13. The Lusitania • In 1915 the Germans sunk the British passenger ship Lusitania, which resulted in the death of 100 Americans. • Afraid the US would enter the War the Germans vowed to stop unrestricted submarine warfare, and then issued the Sussex Pledge (1916), a warning to ships before attack • Though the US was outraged over the Lusitania the US did not immediately enter the war.

14. Zimmerman Telegram • In 1917 the Germans resumed unrestricted submarine warfare (and the US did not immediately enter the war) • In February 1917 the British intercepted a telegram from Germany to Mexico. • In March 1917 the British share the telegram with the US • In the Telegram the Germans asked the Mexicans to ally with them and attack the US, and in exchange Mexico would receive land once they won. • The US was outraged and the US would declare war by April 1914

15. The US in WWI • The US would be lead by John J. Pershing • The only direct instruction President Wilson ever gave to Pershing was to maintain a separate fighting force (he wanted the US out when the US wanted out) • The fresh US troops would help to break the stalemate of WWI and the War would be over about 8 months after the US had entered. • The Armistice ends WWI on November 11th, 1918 at 11:00 AM (11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month = Armistice Day)

16. The War itself • No one thought World War I would last long, and the most extensive plan only last 6 weeks (Germans) [last roughly 4 years, or 208 weeks] • Reasons: Technology • Trench Warfare -Tanks • Machine Guns -High Explosive Artillery (Blows up really Big) • Chemical Gas -Gas Masks • Airplanes -Submarines

17. The Big Four • The leaders of the US, UK, France, and Italy would drive the peace negotiations. • They would be known as the Big Four • The peace treaty that ended the War between the Allies and Germans is known as the Treaty of Versailles

18. Problems with the Peace Negotiations The Big Four had different goals • US • Wilson wanted lasting world peace: 14 Points • UK • Lloyd George wanted a economically sound Europe/German for trading purposes • France • Clemenceau wanted to punish/crush the Germans so they could never fight a war again • (Suffered the most casualties and destroyed land from WWI) • Italy • Orlando was largely ignored and left the conference.

19. Wilson’s 14 Points • President Woodrow Wilson was an idealist who thought his 14 points could usher in a period of world Peace. • The Points included: • Fair & Open peace treaties (No secret alliances -> no Entangling Alliances) • Freedom of the Seas (No unrestricted submarine warfare) • Removal of all trade barriers (Lets just all get along) • Reduction of ALL militaries (Weapons are bad) • Self-Determination (Reason Ferdinand got shot) • League of Nations (international peace organization)

20. Treaty of Versailles • What the Treaty actually says: • Germany will pay $11 billion in reparations (pay back the winners for the war) [634 Billion = 2012] • Germany loses 10-13% of the land • No conscription • No more than 100,000 men in the entire military • German navy limited to 15,000 men, 6 battleships, 6 cruisers , 6 destroyers, 12 torpedo boats and 0 submarines. • No manufacture, import or export of arms allowed, No armored cars, tanks or aircraft allowed. • Manufacture of machine guns and rifles limited.  • Germany can not be a member of the League of Nations

22. The League of Nations • One of the Biggest of Wilson’s 14 Points was the League of Nations. • He believed this international peace keeping body would help to settle international disputes without war, and that EVERYONE should be a member of it. • The League did not have a standing military • The US did not join the League because Senator Henry Cabot Lodge strongly campaigned against it, and urged the US to return to isolationism. • The league also creates a mandate system in the Middle East. This is basically just imperialism with a different name, and explains a good deal of the tension in that area today.

23. The Home front • Before WWI the US had an extremely small military (no need for one) • When WWI started a relatively small number of people volunteered to join the army, and fight the war. • In order to increase the size of the military President Wilson took the advice of the Secretary of War to impose a Military Service Act: The Draft (Selective Service Act) • In the Draft all males between the age of 21 to 30 could be selected to fight in the war.

24. Propaganda • Propaganda was used by all countries during World War I. • Generally posters or slogans that were meant to inspire and involve citizens in the war effort. • Propaganda was sometimes used to help sell war bonds, which helped to finance WWI

25. Lost Generation • Before WWI war had been romanticized and glorified. • Those who lived through the war and became writers often wrote about being disillusioned or lost, and how war was a horribly, tragic, meaningless event. • “In those days we did not trust anyone who had not been in the war, but we did not completely trust anyone.” ~Ernest Hemingway

26. Espionage & Sedition Acts • Even though the majority of Americans wanted to enter WWI not everyone did, and some people spoke out about our participation in the war. • Shortly after the US entered WWI the Espionage Act made it a crime to aid enemies of the US, to interfere with the war effort or recruitment. • Eugene Debs was arrested and placed in jail for an anti-draft speech he gave. • In 1919 the Supreme Court ruled it was LEGAL to arrest someone when their speech presented a “clear and present danger” (speaking against the war fell into this category. • The Sedition Act made it illegal for people to use “speech that could be considered disloyal,” to the USA

27. Red Scare • Again, the large number of immigrants in the US made people worried. • The First Red Scare (more than one) is seen as a period of time of wide spread fear about anarchist and communists, that took place at the end of WWI. • Palmer Raids were launched, which were mass arrests of alleged communist radicals.