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GERUND

GERUND. A . General . B . Functions . C . Determiners and Possesives with Gerund . D . Important notes . E . Verbs followed by gerunds. F . Verbs followed by either gerunds or infinitives . G . Adverbs in gerund phrase . A . GENERAL. 1 . Ordinary form : . V + ing . 2 . Perfect form :.

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GERUND

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  1. GERUND A . General B . Functions C . Determiners and Possesives with Gerund D . Important notes E . Verbs followed by gerunds F . Verbs followed by either gerunds or infinitives G . Adverbs in gerund phrase

  2. A . GENERAL 1 . Ordinary form : V + ing 2 . Perfect form : having + V3/Ved 3 . Active Gerund : V + ing 4 . Passive Gerund : being + V3/Ved having been + V3/Ved 5. Affirmative Gerund : V + ing 6 . Negative Gerund : not + V + ing not + having + V3/Ved

  3. B . Functions Gerunds may perform all the functions that nouns do

  4. B . Functions Ex : Her cleaning the house is necessary . 1 . Subject of verb : Ex : He dislikes her coming late every time . 2 . Object of verb : Ex : My mother insists on my studying hard everyday . 3 . Object of preposition :

  5. B . Functions Ex : Her favorite activity is playing football . 4 . Complement of verb : Ex : He only focuses on one thing – his earning money . 5 . Appositive :

  6. C . Determiners and Possesives with Gerund 1 . Determiner + Gerund The opening of Parliament A killing of a living creature 2 . Possessive form + Gerund His buying the house Her mother ‘ s telling off her

  7. D . Important notes 1 . The Gerund phrase is the subject  possessive form , esp possessive adj Ex : Your loving her is such a stupid thing . 2 . The Gerund Phrase is the object  object pronoun , just noun Ex : We can’t understand him his behaving like that . ( formal ) ( informal ) Ex : He never approve of his daughter ‘ s loving a man like him . ( formal ) ( informal )

  8. D . Important notes Ex : Thank you for helping me . your Ex : I’m sorry for waiting you up . my 3 . Person being talked about is clear  don’t use possessive adj

  9. D . Important notes Ex : Instead of her health improving after the operation , it got worse . Ex : They told us a story of an old ship having been sunk in Pacific Ocean . 4 . subject of a gerund phrase refers to a lifeless thing/an abstract idea  usually don’t use the possessive form Ex : I can’t understand the door’s not being open . However , sometimes we can use the possessive form

  10. D . Important notes Ex : They don’t approve of Peter and Mary getting married . Ex : I never agree with his and his friend cheating in the exam . Ex : His and her beaking up was really a surprise . 5 . There is more than one noun before gerund  don’t use possessive form .

  11. D . Important notes Ex : We don’t need the president of the company attending the meeting . Ex : He can’t bear the thought of his best friend , once so rich and handsome , being destitute now . 6 . A noun before gerund that is modified by a phrase don’t use possessive form

  12. D . Important notes 7 . In gerund phrase derived from sentences beginning with expletives such as “it” and “there” use “it” or “its” and “there” it its Ex : In spite of being a rainy night , he went there alone . Ex : We were mistaken about there being a meeting tonight .

  13. D . Important notes 8 . Gerunds refer to activities in general way  uncount nouns  can’t be used with numbers 9 . A noun having a similar meaning to a gerund  noun is preferred infinitive to arrive to depart to discuss -ing form arriving departing discussing noun arrival departure discussion Ex : We are looking forward to your . arriving arrival

  14. D . Important notes 10 . Gerund with an article  can’t have a direct object  use an “of” structure after gerund Ex : Learning a foreign language is very interesting .  The learning of a foreign language is very interesting .

  15. E . Verb followed by gerunds admit advoid deny finish miss practice recall resent risk dislike discuss imagine involve appreciate consider delay enjoy mind postpone quit report resume suggest understand mention can’t help

  16. F . Verb followed by either gerunds or infinitives 1 . No change in meaning begin hate love cease intend continue dread like prefer start can’t bear can’t stand

  17. F . Verb followed by either gerunds or infinitives 2 . Difference in meaning

  18. F . Verb followed by either gerunds or infinitives 2 . Difference in meaning

  19. G . Adverbs in gerund phrase Ex : They were shocked at his completely beating his opponent . Ex : They were shocked at his complete beating his opponent . Ex : They were shocked at his beating his opponent completely . In a gerund phrase , adverbs may remain unchanged or take adj form

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