Unit 3 Chapters 5 and 6

1. Unit 3Chapters 5 and 6 The Thirteenth Colony

2. The Silk Road Marco Polo “The Silk Road” • Land route over the Middle East and Central Asia • “The Silk Road” (Marco Polo) • 1477-wrote “Travels” • Middleman: a trader who buys goods from the producers (Polo) and sells them to other traders and consumers. • This led to Europeans looking for a shorter, cheaper trade routes • West over the Atlantic seemed most logical

3. Christopher Columbus • Earth was round. • Sailing WEST would get Europeans to Indies. • Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria • Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain (Monarchs) • 4 voyages to New World • 1st landed on Caribbean Island he called San Salvador (Bahamas) • Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Virgin Islands • Died believing he had found the East Indies in 1506 Columbus

4. Line of Demarcation • Created by Pope Alexander in 1493 • Divided the “New World” between Spain and Portugal (East-West)…p. 61 • Amended in 1494…Treaty of Tordesillas • John Cabot claimed North American eastern seaboard for England in 1497 • Ignoring the Pope’s decree

5. Explorers I • Prince Henry the Navigator(Portugal): • 1400s-sent ships along the southern coast of Africa, looking for an eastern passage to Indian Ocean. • Bartholomew Diaz(Portugal): • 1488-first to actually round the tip of Africa at the Cape of Good Hope. • John Cabot(England): • 1497-sailed west and rediscovered Newfoundland and Canada • Norsemen: Vikings led by Leif Erickson-1001 • Vasco de Gama(Portugal): • 1498-sailed around Africa to India • Ocean trade route to India • Amerigo Vespucci(Italy): • 1499- sailed along coast of South America: • 1507- a map maker named the New World after him

6. Explorer II • Ferdinand Magellan: • 1522-reached Asia by sailing west around tip of South America • First to navigate the globe • Northwest Passage: Europeans wanted a shorter all water route through North America. • Giovanni Verazano(France): • 1524-sighted land near what is now Cape Fear, NC…perhaps as far south as Georgia coast and Florida • Juan Ponce de Leon(Spain): • 1513-discovered La Florida (Fla., Ga., SC, AL, MS) • “Fountain of Youth” • San Miguel de Gualdape… 1st Spanish attempt to settle North America • Failed-slave revolt, illness, cold, Indian attack • Vasco Nunez de Balboa(Spain): • 1513-Crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean • Isthmus: narrow strip of land bordered on both sides by water and connecting two larger bodies of land.

7. Explorer III • Hernando Cortes(Spain): • 1519-landed in Mexico and conquered the Aztecs and killed their ruler Montezuma • Returned with Gold and silver! • Francisco Pizarro(Spain): • 1535-defeated the Incas of Peru and captured the richest silver mines in the world. • Pedro Menendez(Spain): • 1565-set up colony in St. Augustine, Fla. • Moved up the coast to be the first to settle along Georgia coast • I.e.…Missions and garrisons along Cumberland Islands, St. Simon’s Island, and Sapelo • Indians rose to defeat Spanish in 1597 • Divided GA into 2 provinces: Guale and Mocama

8. Hernando de Soto • 1539-landed in Florida and marched north into Georgia near Albany looking for RICHES! • Some believe half of the Indian population wiped out by de Soto and his men… • Weapons, armor, horses… • DISEASE (measles, smallpox, flu, whooping cough) • Considered a failure by Spain and Europe • No treasure • Lost most of his army to disease or starvation • Changed Indian culture forever Hernando De Soto De Soto’s Route thru Georgia

9. England vs. Spain Sir Francis Drake “The Pirate” • England, Spain and France competed for control of North America. • 1500s-England and Spain fought an undeclared war. • English sea captains (PIRATES) raided Spanish ships loaded with New World treasure and attacked Spanish settlements. • Returned all their treasure to Queen Elizabeth I • John Hawkins, Francis Drake, Richard Greenville

10. The Invincible Armada • King Phillip II(Spain) ordered the assembly of a huge fleet of warships to attack England… ”The Invincible Armada” • Defeated by England who had faster ships and better sailors • A big storm in the English Channel also wiped out a lot of the Spanish fleet • This marked a change in the power of the New World. The route of “The Invincible Armada”

11. Virginia • 1584-England landed in the Outer Banks of North Carolina • Queen Elizabeth named this land VIRGINIA after herself—”The Virgin Queen” ROANOKE • 1587-A colony of 117 people led by John White was established here…they were too late in season to plant, so White returned to England…unable to return until 1590…he found an abandoned settlement; no survivors and only a message reading “CROATOAN”…became known as “The Lost Colony”

12. English Settlements • New World settlements becoming more permanent. • Jamestown, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island,… • Reasons for settlement: • Escape religious persecution • Seeking economic gain • Bring Indians Christianity • Gold, silver, and jewels • SPAIN only! • Mercantilism: England wanted to export more than it imports… Page 70!!

13. Jamestown 1607-marked the beginning of permanent colonies in the New World. Tobacco led to the introduction of Africans into North America Indentured Servants: agree to work for someone over a period of time (4-7 years) in return for passage. Slaves: people with few rights, if any, and spent their entire lives in service to others. Massachusetts Bay 1620-Mayflower landed at Plymouth Rock with Pilgrims: Religious group which came to New World to escape persecution by Church of England. Mayflower Compact: First written constitution in North America that settled disputes between the Pilgrims and other religious groups. Puritans North American Colonies

14. Georgia Colonization • 1686-Spain called the region Guale and Mocama and left the area. • 1663-England had also made a claim. • 1717-First planned colonial attempt by England • Sir Robert Montgomery wanted to create an “Eden” called the “Margravate of Azilia”; it failed. “Margravate of Azilia”

15. James Edward Oglethorpe • Founder of the Colony of Georgia. • Activist who wanted to reform (change) England’s prisons and the laws that affected the people in jail for debts owed (Worthy Poor) • Along with Lord John Percival, he proposed a colony to give them a fresh start.

16. Why Oglethorpe’s Georgia? • Defense: • Defend from Spanish Florida (South) • Defend from French in Mississippi Region (West) • A buffer between the French/Spanish and Carolinas • Economy: • Trade with the Indians • Production of silk, cotton, dyes, wine, spices… • A new market for English goods • Religion: • Religious freedom and sanctuary for Protestants escaping Church of England. (This was NOT stated in Charter!) • June 7, 1732-King George II granted a charter to Oglethorpe and 21 trustees for a colony lasting 21 years

17. Georgia’s Charter I • Charter: legal document that grants special rights and privileges to a group for a certain area…p. 81! • Boundaries: • Savannah and Altamaha Rivers…p.80! • Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans • Trustees: people who held responsibilities and made decisions on behalf of others…investors…did NOT live in the colony! • The ONLY British colony to be governed by Trustees!

18. Georgia’s Charter II • What was included: • Catholics, blacks, liquor dealers, and lawyers could NOTbecome colonists. • The colony belonged to England and nothing could be done without the King’s permission. • Regulations(government orders): • Each man was defend the colony • Land could not be sold • Land must be given to a male heir • They must cultivate land with seeds provided • Plant Mulberry Trees (SILK) • Obey regulations

19. The First Days • Nov. 17,1732- Oglethorpe and the new colonists left for the New World aboard the ship “ANN”. • Feb. 12 1733- Oglethorpe arrives and asks the Yamacraw Indian (Creek) Chief permission to land at Yamacraw Bluff. Georgia Day! • Tomochichi • John and Mary Musgrove acted as translators for Oglethorpe and Tomochichi • Savannah designed by Col. William Bull, Nobel Jones, Robert Castell, and Oglethorpe • Parliament gave money to build forts at Frederica and Augusta! Tomochichi and Oglethorpe

20. The First Year • Oglethorpe was an accepted leader…duties: • He got land grants • Treaties with Indians • Built fort • Trained a militia • Citizen Army • Advice and encouragement • Battled sickness, climate, poor sanitation, and hard labor • July 1733-Dr. Nunis: Jewish doctor who came over on a ship carrying 42 other settlers. • Artisans: craftspeople…Georgia’s first settlers were mostly skilled laborers. Early Colonial Savannah

21. Ebenezer • March 1734-German Protestants, forced to leave their homeland by the Catholics, formed a town 25 miles north of Savannah…1736 moved away from the river wetlands and called this New Ebenezer. Diagram of Ebenezer

22. Colonial Unrest in Georgia • 1736- While Oglethorpe was in England with Tomochichi and 5 other Indians, Georgia’s colonists were voicing their displeasure of the regulations that Oglethorpe enforced: • No Slaves • No Rum (alcohol) • Only male heirs could keep land • Wrong kind of Mulberry Tree

23. Battle of Bloody Marsh • 1739- War broke out between England and Spain…also Known as the “War of Jenkin’s Ear”. • Oglethorpe prepared his borders with Florida • June, 1740- Oglethorpe led a group of Georgian and South Carolinian settlers, as well as friendly Indians, to attack the Spanish fort at St. Augustine, Florida. • Beaten back by a well-trained Spanish Army • July, 1742- Spanish attack St. Simon’s Island • Oglethorpe drove them back without either side being hurt • “Battle of Bloody Marsh” Fort St. Augustine

24. Oglethorpe’s Final Days • 1743- Oglethorpe left Georgia to defend himself in England about his loss at St. Augustine…proven innocent…never returned to Georgia. • With Oglethorpe gone, the colonists began to allow alcohol, slaves, and the sale of land. • 1752-Georgia time of control by the Trustees ended and was returned to the authority of King George II.

25. Colonial Georgia People The Wesleys • George Whitfield: evangelist who established the Bethesda Orphans Home in Ebenezer • John and Charles Wesley: founders of the Methodist Church…established first Sunday School • Reverend John Martin Bolzius: leader of the German Protestants from Salzburg • Peter Gordon: kept a journal describing his trip on the ship “Ann” • Provided earliest view of Savannah

26. CREDITS • Page 2: http://www.silk-road.com/artl/marcopolo.shtml • Page 3: http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/ • Page 3: http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/columbus.html • Page 7: http://www.floridahistory.com/inset44.html • Page 7: http://www.floridahistory.com/inset7.html • Page 8: http://www.whalecove.com/drake2.html • Page 9: http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Documents/defeat_of_the_armada.htm • Page 11: http://earlyamerica.com/earlyamerica/maps/13colonies/13colonies1775maps75.jpg • Page 13: http://www.ourgeorgiahistory.com/early/azilia.html • Page 14: http://www.sip.armstrong.edu/Oglethorpe/IntroOgle.html • Page 16: http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~kelsey/cranch11.htm

27. CREDITS II • Page 18: http://www.rootsweb.com/~nwa/musgrove.html • Page 18: http://www.savannah-online.com/full_story.cfm?sect=TourismMain&id=366 • Page 19: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1031 • Page 20: http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/germchro.html • Page 22: http://www.galway.net/galwayguide/history/hardiman/chapter4/fort.html • Page 22: http://www.sip.armstrong.edu/Oglethorpe/FullView/Ogle_Img60.html • Page 24: http://gbgm-umc.org/umhistory/wesley/ • Page 24: http://www.georgiahistory.com/exhibit.htm