Land Takings in China

1. Land Takings in China Ying Chen Department of Land Management chenying1210@mail.hust.edu.cn

2. Areas to be Covered Background Policy approaches-an overview Case study Conclusions and suggestions

3. Background • Socialist public ownership—land ownership Land is owned by the public( the people) • Urban land is owned by the State • Rural land is owned by collective • Centralization government • Thelowergovernmentsmustobeytheuppergovernment • Officialsareappointedbysuperior government

4. Background • 1949 – 1978 planned economy • 1978 – 1987 Chinaunder Deng Xiao Ping adopts capitalism and market economy • Land • Single administrative allocation • free use • indefinite use • prohibit the transfer of land use rights demand determines Supply

5. Background • 1987- The compensation system of land use has been setting up. • Paid use • Deadline(Residential land 70 year, commercial land 40 year ,industrial land 50 year) • Paid land transfer（land use right)

6. Land takings Land from the Collective to the State, including Public use e.g road, school, library ,hospital… Non-public use e.g real estate, factory, commerce…..

7. Land takings Land transfer Sell land-use rights and building ownership

8. Key question? Balance among economic development, environment protection and farmers’ rights protection

9. Policy approaches 1990s:economic development is the most important Demand determines supply Low compensation—according to agricultural output Change of status—from peasants to urban residents, appointment work in the urban Farmers were looking forward to land takings(social security, medical security, education security)

10. Policy approaches 1990s-pay more attention to environment protection and farmers’ rights protection Raise compensation multi - ways to improve land loss farmer's allocation and safeguard keep the amount of field acreage (quantity, quality) Conflicts are more and more.

11. Conflicts ---- Compensation Standard is determined by local government, not the market ----Low compensation ----different compensation---unfair same area ,different project, public V non public Same project, neighborhood village Same project, different time ---- disposable compensation(hard to find jobs, run out, social problems)

12. Case study

13. Unbalanced development, different regions have different land use problems East-developed areas, high population density, limited space for urban sprawl. center-developing areas, high population density, rapidly urban expansion, Main area for land takings. West-less developed areas, much land with few people, Qinghai-Tibet  Plateaus and mountains. land takings mostly for public purpose.

14. Huaxi village In Jiangsu province Representatives of new socialist countryside The richest village in China

15. Huaxi village Stock system model Farmers own some stock, and can share the interest every year The total income is $8 billion in 2012.

16. Huaxi village • Per capita income in Huaxi is 41.76 times as much as national farmers,13 times as much as national urban residents in 2004 year.

17. Huaxi village Me

18. Xiantao—Hubei Province • Normal village in China

20. Kitchen in the house Kitchen in the house marsh gas alternative wood

21. Village school

22. Village committee

23. In the developed area, there is more land takings and higher compensation. The grow rate in the less developed area is much higher than the developed area.

25. Background -----The conflict between economic development and land use. ------the institution of land takings is imperfect in our country ------farmers’ rights and interests cannot be guaranteed during land takings Research purpose ------understand farmers’ expectation ------scientifically calculates the farmers’ welfare change in the process of land takings. -------reform the institution (reasonable compensation standards and compensation methods ) Take Wuhan city as an example

26. Investigation and sample The design of questionnaire The general situation of land takings in research area The obtaining of investigated data and designing of questionnaire

27. Date: 2006 ,2012 Place: on the 6 urban fringes of Wuhan, such as Hongshan district, Hanyang district, Qingshan distract,Jiangxia district, Caidian district and Dongxihu district Object: villager committee, land-loss peasants，land recourse bureau and correlative benefit group Method: stratified random sampling district—town-village-group-farmers Sample: 6 districts, 32 villages, 170 questionnaires, but 162 available shares of questionnaires are taken back in 2006. validity 95.29%. 34 villager committee. Investigation and sample

28. Wuhan map exurban urban suburban

29. The distribution of sample in 2006

30. The distribution of sample in 2012

31. The land-loss peasant questionnaire Village committee questionnaire The design of questionnaire

32. The peasants’ cognition to farmland conversion The basic thing about the land takings The influence of land takings to family’s income and expenses The social guarantee of land-loss peasant s The land-loss peasant questionnaire

33. The land takings every year The compensation settlement and the character of land use type The cognition of village leaders to the farmland conversion The change of welfare and the expectation to receive the compensation because of land takings. The basic economic and social information Village committee questionnaire

34. The quantity of land takings The use of land takings Types of land takings The general situation of land takings in research area

35. The quantity of land takings in Wuhan from 1994 to 2012

36. The area of land takings every district in Wuhan in 2005

37. The purpose of land takings The use of land takings

38. Types of land takings

39. The cogitation of peasant to the value and function of farmland The attitude about the peasant to farmland conversion The evaluation of peasant to policy of land takings The cogitation of peasant to the function of farmland and the policy of land takings

40. The cogitation of peasant to the value and function of farmland

41. Advantage: improve the local living environment such as local traffic communication, education, medical treatment and public service facilities. prosper the local economy and improve the level of life Disadvantage: threaten the food safety of nation and the eco-environment , bring pressure to land-loss peasants about the life and employment The attitude about the peasant to farmland conversion

42. The evaluation of peasant to policy of land takings

43. Theoretical analyzing of welfare changing of peasants during land takings The actual measurement of welfare changing of peasants during land takings The welfare change of peasants before and after land takings

44. Economic welfare Social welfare Ecological welfare Theoretical analyzing of welfare changing of peasants during land takings

45. Economic welfare is mainly judged by family income and expenditure, improving the standard of living and economic compensation during land takings. Before the land takings, agriculture income of farmland is the main source of income of the family and temporary income can be regarded as subsidize beyond agriculture After land takings, farmers got compensation, temporary and non-farming income has become a major source of economic of the family. Economic welfare

46. Includes Social security and employment security Before the land takings, farmland is the basic guarantee for peasants. After the land takings , peasants cannot enjoy the same social protection as urban residents. Having lower level of literacy and poor job skills, peasants are hard to find work after losing land. The social welfare of peasants is reduced during the process of land takings. Social welfare

47. Includes housing, transportation, infrastructure and environment Advantage: housing, infrastructure and traffic conditions of peasants will be greatly improved. Disadvantage: noise, pollution and deterioration of law will be created Ecological welfare(environment welfare)

48. Economic compensation Farmers’ income and expenses before and after land takings The living environment and housing problem Land-loss peasants’ social safety Land-loss peasants’ employment Living facilities and environment before and after land takings The actual measurement of welfare change of peasants during land takings

49. The compensation contrast between farmers and village in different purpose of land takings in 2005

50. Compensation unit: dollar/m2