Clark, John, Joy, Scott

1. Fuel Cells used in Mobile Sources Clark, John, Joy, Scott

2. Introduction • What is a fuel cell? • A fuel cell is like a battery that runs on hydrogen and never needs recharged. • Why are we interested in fuel cells? • Fuel cells produce electric power yet they produce none of the typical waste byproducts associated with power generation.

3. What kinds of fuel cells are there? • Phosphoric Acid • Molten Carbonate • Alkali • Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM)

4. Phosphoric Acid • Most developed type of commercial fuel cell • Operating temperature around 220 degrees C • Large, heavy designs - used primarily in stationary applications • Can power large vehicles like busses and locomotives

5. Molten Carbonate • Not as well developed commercially as PA cells • Operating temperature around 600 degrees C • Offer high efficiencies (higher if the heat is used as well) • High temperatures limit MC cells to stationary applications

6. Alkali • The type of fuel cells used by NASA • Very efficient - up to 70% BUT very expensive • Mobil technologies - If you count satellites and the space shuttle

7. Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) • Operating temperature around 100 degrees C • PEM Cells have a high power density and can quickly vary power output • According to the U.S. Department of energy, “they are the primary candidates for light-duty vehicles”

8. PEM Cells • Required elements • Two electrodes - an anode and a cathode • polymer membrane electrolyte • platinum catalyst

9. PEM Cells

10. PEM Cells • General chemistry • Hydrogen fuel from free hydrogen or from hydrocarbons • The fuel (H) is ionized yielding free electrons and H+ ions • 2H2 --> 4H+ + 4e-

11. PEM Cells • General Chemistry (continued) • Free electrons are conducted through the external circuit to the cathode - producing electric power • The protons move through the electrolyte to the cathode

12. PEM Cells • General Chemistry (continued) • Once at the cathode, the H+ ions and the electrons react with oxygen (from air) to produce water • O2 + 4e- + 4H+ --> 2H2O

13. PEM Cells

14. Summary

15. MOBILE SOURCES Fuel cells being developed in cars, trucks, buses, locomotives, golf carts, wheel chairs, and bicycles

16. DEVELOPEMENT IN BUSES • Ballard Power Systems- first real demonstrations vehicle: 32 foot bus in 1993 • Chicago and Vancouver, B.C are conducting field trials on second generation buses • Georgetown is teaming up with others to develop full size transit buses for D.O.E

17. BUSES

18. DEVELOPMENT IN CARS AND TRUCKS • All major automobile manufacturers are developing fuel cells • Some are teaming up with other fuel cell companies and organizations • Ballard Power systems: Leading supplier of PEM fuel cells for use in transportation

19. BALLARD POWER SYSTEMS • Leading supplier of pem fuel cells • Teamed up with daimler-benz and ford motor company to develop efficient and clean engines for transport • Comparable in size, weight, operating life, acceleration, range and refueling time

20. OTHER FUEL CELL DEVELOPERS • Schatz Reseach Center- Truck: 6.5 kW PEM • United Technologies Corp. • Plug Power, L.L.C.- fuel cell engine expected to be twice as efficient & 90% less emissions • Denora S.p.A- PEM cells for buses and Marine applications • Zevco

21. Zevco • Truck • Cost- $52,800 • Range- 125 miles • Top Speed- 62 Miles per hour • 1/3 heavier then conventional trucks

22. FUEL CELL AUTOMOBILES • GM- Zafira compact van: powered by a 50kW PEM Fuel cell that utilizes methanol • Chrysler- Jeep Commander: fuel cell/battery hybrid, also working on methanol hybrid

23. DAIMLER-BENZ • Road testing a fuel cell van: NECAR • Testing a hydrogen fueled passenger Bus in Germany • Plans on producing 100,000 engines for the year 2004

24. FUEL CELL CARS • Volvo and Volkswagon- Golf-type vehicle: methanol fueled PEM • Toyota- RAV4 based vehicle: methanol and hydrogen-fueled • Use Toyota’s own PEM engines • Mazda- fuel cell concept car: fueled by Hydrogen

25. CARS CONTINUED • Nissan- prototype car: runs on methanol and aided by Li battery for extra power • Plans to begin selling by 2003 • Contracted with Ballard • Honda- plans on developing fuel cell vehicles by 2003

26. FUEL CELL VEHICLES ALREADY IN USE • Taxi- in London, alkaline fuel cell & cost $7,363 more • London- use a 1.5 ton hybrid fuel cell truck to maintain parks • Golf carts- Hydrogen fuel cell, 3 used in Palm Desert, CA

27. SUBWAYS

28. OTHER MOBILE USES • Wheel chairs • bicycles • All terrain vehicles • Golf Carts • Spacecraft- fuel cells provided power for on-board electronics, and now provide electricity and water for space shuttle

29. FUEL CELLTECHNOLOGY FUTURE PREDICTIONS

30. OFFICE OFTRANSPORTATIONTECHNOLOGIES

31. VISION STATEMENT • WITHIN 10 YEARS • U.S. WILL TURN CORNER IN THE GROWTH OF PETROLEUM FOR HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION. • COMMERCIALIZE ADVANCED TRANSPORTATION VECHICLES.

32. TIMETABLE

33. BARRIERS • LONG TERM NATURE OF RESEARCH • POTENTIAL FOR FAILURE • HIGH COSTS • PRIVATE SECTOR COMPANIES RELUCTANT TO INVEST

34. WHAT IS NEEDED? • U.S. COMMITMENT TO BE A PRIMARY FUEL CELL USER • MARKET INCENTIVES FOR DEVELOPERS • DEVELOPERS TO PARTICIPATE IN MANUFACTURING COST REDUCTION EFFORTS

35. PETROLEUM DISPLACEMENT WILL THERE BE RESISTANCE TO FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY?

36. WHY RESIST? • OIL COMPANIES • INVESTORS • PREDICTED REVENUES OF $250 BILLION/YEAR BY 2010.

37. CONSUMERS RESPONSE • HIGH INCREMENTAL COST • RANGE AND UTILITY • LACK OF OPERATIONAL AND SAFETY INFORMATION • LACK OF REQUIRED INFRASTRUCTURE.