Cognitive Processes and Emotional Behavior Interplay in "My Head and My Heart

1. Class 11: Emotions and Cognition I

2. IKEA "Make A Mind" Kit COGNITIVE PROCESSES PERCEPTION BEHAVIOR MOTIVATIONAL STATE EXISTING SCHEMAS/BELIEFS EMOTION AROUSAL SENSORY STIMULATION

3. What Comes First: Cognition (Thought) or Emotion (Feeling)? Event Sensory Stim Cognition Emotion Behavior Event Sensory Stim Emotion Cognition Behavior Rene Des Carte, 1596-1650 "I think therefore I am" Blaise Pascal, 1623-1663 "The heart has its reasons the reason cannot know"

4. Thomas Jefferson: My Head and My Heart Vita 1743- July 4, 1826 Drafted Declaration of Independence Secty. of State (1789-1794) Vice President (1797-1801) President (1801-1809) Hobbies: Inventor, architect, farmer John F. Kennedy Welcoming Nobel Prize Winners at the White House: This is the most extraordinary collection of talent, of human knowledge, that has ever been gathered together at the White House, with the possible exception of when Thomas Jefferson dined alone. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.

5. Jefferson "My Head and My Heart" Background: Jefferson had affair with Maria Cosway. Artist, composer, musician, founded girls' school. Letter is "love letter" upon their separation. Maintained correspondence for remainder of Jefferson's life. Letter written as internal dialogue between Jefferson's head "reason" and heart "emotions" about the pain of separation. Jefferson had recently broken wrist, wrote letter with left hand, thus references to "hurt wrist." Jefferson never married.

6. Heart Head Head: "I never found that the moment of triumph for with you was NOT the moment of attention to [reason]. While suffering under your follies, you may perhaps be made sensible of them" Heart: [Hears list of all the problems and bad judgment that came from associating with Maria, and deceptions heart creates with others to spend more time with Maria]. "Oh my dear friend how you have revived me by recalling to my mind the transactions of that day!" Head: "I told you, you were impudently engaging your affections", "I warned you about separation pain, that there was NO FUTURE, and what chance is there she'll come to America? Nearly none. Be Realistic. Focus on objective facts. "You must learn to look forward before you take a step which may interest our peace." "Everything in this world is a matter of calculation. "Do not bite the bait of pleasure..." "The art of life is the art of avoiding pain."

7. Th. Jefferson: My Head and My Heart Heart replies: Let the sublimated philosopher grasp visionary happiness while pursuing phantoms dressed in the garb of truth! Their supreme wisdom is supreme folly: they mistake for happiness the mere absence of pain. Respect for myself now obliges me to recall you into the proper limits of your office. ...To you [nature] allotted the field of science, to me that of morals. Morals were too essential to the happiness of man to be risked on the uncertain combinations of the head. EXAMPLES: Wounded soldier asking for ride, poor woman asking for charity. America's bid for independence from Britain: I do not know that I ever did a good thing on your (head's) suggestion, or a dirty one without it.

8. Jefferson Questions • Is there a relation between self-esteem and attention to own emotions? • Respect for myself now obliges me [EMOTIONS] to recall you [COGNITION] into the proper limits of your office. • Is “Heart” right that morals not the business of reason? • How would Maria feel about this letter?

9. What comes first, thinking or feeling? Appraisal Theory: Thinking comes first Example: Wake in panic, it’s 8:30, you have a 9:00 AM class, then you realize—it’s Saturday. New thought (“Saturday”) new emotion? Separate Systems Theory: Emotions can sometimes come first Example: Your cousin say’s her new husband is great, she's so happy. He's so funny and silly especially after 4-5 whiskey sours. You hang up, no problem. Then you feel unease. Why? Relief How many whiskey sours?

10. Schachter & Singer Theory of Emotion Emotion is arousal + cognition Fits generally with Cannon-Bard Central Systems Theory Emotion only occurs if: a. Body is aroused b. A reason for arousal is located c. The labeling of arousal determines emotion d. Arousal w/o cognition leads to no emotion

11. Social / Environ-mental information Attention-grabbing event Emotion Physiological Response Schachter and Singer Model of Emotions

12. Schachter & Singer: Cognitive, Social, and Physiological Determinants of Emotional State Two Factor Model: Emotion requires bodily arousal PLUS cognitive appraisal. Emotion is the motor, cognition is the driver. Maranon studies: Adrenalin + introspection 71% Arousal, no emotion 29% "As if" emotions Real emotion when asked to imagine emotionally-charged scene. S&S: What would happen if Ss given stimulant, were physically aroused, BUT NOT INFORMED? S&S Happy Stooge/Angry Stooge Experiment 1. THE social psych emotion theory for 25 years. 2. Model of high-drama social psych deception expt.

13. Schachter & Singer Experiment Stage I: Arousal Induction A. Cover story: Testing "Suproxin" B. Inject with adrenalin 1. Informed: this is a stimulant 2. Uninformed: No info on side effects 3. Misinformed: Side effects, but non-stimulating C. Or inject with placebo, with no info re. side effects

14. Schachter & Singer Experiment, cont. Stage II: Emotion-inducing cognition A. S in room with stooge (expt'l confederate), who displays either extreme happiness or extreme anger. B. Design and prediction:

15. Schachter & Singer Results 1. Manipulation check: Epi --> more arousal than placebo 2. Behavior A. Happy Stooge: How happy did subject act? 1. Informed < misinformed 2. Placebo = ignorant = misinformed B. Angry Stooge: How angry did subject act? 1. Informed < ignorant 2. Placebo < ignorant 3. No "misinformed" condition

16. Schachter & Singer Results, cont. 3. Self Report A. Happy Stooge: How happy did subject report feeling? 1. Informed < ignorant 2. Informed < misinformed 3. No diff for placebo B. Angry Stooge: How angry did subject report feeling? 1. Informed < ignorant 2. No effect for placebo

17. Insomnia and the Attribution Process Storms and Nisbett, 1970 Richard Nisbett Idea: Would shifting explanation for night-time nervousness from anxious thoughts to a pill reduce insomnia? Why would this happen? How is this related to Schachter and Singer?

18. Study Design Misattribution / lowered arousal: Subs. take placebo, told it will heighten arousal What is predicted effect of this information on sleep? Why? Misattribution / increased arousal: Subs. take placebo, told it will help relax. What is predicted effect of this information on sleep? Why? Subjects: 42 insomniacs at Yale "Arrousal Cond" "This drug....will increase your heart rate and...body temp., You may feel like your mind is racing. ..." "Relax cond" "This drug...will lower your heart rate...body tem. And it will calm your mind ... "

19. Study Results * Minutes to Falling Asleep Note: * Arousal pre-drug due to 2 outliers

20. Storms and Nisbett Questions 1. Why would emotions keep you awake? Do they explain this? 2. S & M say that "if arousal subjects attribute less arousal to their cognitions...[they will sleep better]. What does this suggest about emotions and cognitions? What is keeping Subs awake? What keeps anyone awake, emotions or thoughts? 3. Does misattribution lead to: a. More potent target emotion (I was feeling somewhat worried about test, now I am very worried)? OR b. Greater anxiety about the emotion, (Oh no, here comes my anxiety!! I'll never sleep now because of my anxiety. I am worried about my worrying!)