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Classification/Taxonomy. Chapter 17. Why Classify?. To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms & group them in a logical manner. Taxonomy. Defined : Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name.
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Classification/Taxonomy Chapter 17
Why Classify? To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms & group them in a logical manner.
Taxonomy Defined: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. In other words, naming things.
Why common names don’t work Common names vary among languages. Example: United Kingdom – Buzzard refers to a hawk United States – Buzzard refers to a vulture Red-tailed Hawk Honey Buzzard Turkey Vulture
Another Example: Dolphin Dolphin Tursipos truncatus Mahi mahi
Carolus Linnaeus • (1707 – 1778) • Created the system of naming we use today. • In taxonomy, a group or level of organization is called a taxonomic category or taxon.
Binomial Nomenclature • “Bi” means 2 • “nomial” means naming • Nomenclature means “the system of” Defined: In binomial nomenclature, each species is assigned a two-part scientific name. (Genus & species)
Example of Binomial Nomenclature • Polar Bear is Ursus maritimus • Ursus: genus Ursus contains 5 other kinds of bears • maritimus: species The Latin word, maritimus, refers to the sea. Polar bears often live on pack ice that floats in the sea.
Definitions to know • Genus: is a group of closely related species • Species: Group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
Family: Group of genera that share many characteristics • Order: Group of similar families • Class: Group of similar orders • Phylum: Group of closely related classes • Kingdom: Largest taxonomic group, consisting of closely related phyla.
Here We Go…Polar Bear Species: maritimus Genus: Ursus Family: Ursidae Order: Carnivora Class: Mammalia Phylum: Chordata Kingdom: Animilia What do these mean?...lets see
What they mean Species: maritimus (lives in marine environment) Genus: Ursus (kind of bear) Family: Ursidae (larger category of bears) Order: Carnivora (meat-eating animals) Class: Mammalia (warm-blooded, hair, & milk) Phylum: Chordata (vertebrates) Kingdom: Animilia (there are 6 kingdoms)
How to remember: Da King Phillip Came Over For Green Salad Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Ursidae Genus Ursus Species maritimus
The Three-Domain System • There are 3 Domains: • Domain Bacteria • Domain Archaea • Domain Eukarya • There are 6 Kingdoms: 1. Eubacteria 2. Archaebacteria 3. Protista 4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia
The Three-Domain System • There are 3 Domains: • Domain Bacteria • Kingdom Eubacteria • Unicellular/Prokaryotes • Cell walls have Peptidoglycan • Domain Archaea • Kingdom Archaebacteria • Unicellular/Prokaryotes • Cell walls withOUT Peptidoglycan • Domain Eukarya • Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Kingdom Archaebacteria • Unicellular Prokaryote • Cell walls withOUT Peptidoglycan • Extremophiles – Love extreme environments like volcanoes, hydrothermal vents, and hot springs Archaea Hydrothermal Vent Hot Spring Volcaone
Kingdom Eubacteria • Unicellular Prokaryote • Cell walls with Peptidoglycan • All other bacteria you encounter everyday E. coli Staphlycoccus Streptococcus
Kingdom Protista Video Clip: Amoeba • Unicellular or Multicellular • Live in colonies Amoeba Euglena Paramecium
Kingdom Fungi • Unicellular or Multicellular • Cell walls made of Chitin • Heterotrophs….they eat! Yeast Mushrooms
Kingdom Plantae • Multicellular • Cell walls made of Cellulose • Autotrophs….make their own food Trees & Grass Moss Venus Fly Trap
Kingdom Animalia • Multicellular • NO cell walls • Heterotrophs….they eat Worms Insects Jellyfish Giraffes
6 Kingdoms Prokaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Autotroph or heterotroph Autotroph or heterotroph Autotroph/ heterotroph Heterotroph Autotroph Heterotroph Most common bacteria Cell wall w/ Peptidoglycan Includes Algae Don’t belong in other euk No cell wall No chloroplasts Multicellular “Ancient Bacteria” Cell walls w/cellulose & Chloroplasts Release enzymes to digest food Live in very hot places E. ecoli Pyrococcus furiosus Paramecium H. coccinea Fern frod Homo sapiens
Write Scientific Names Correctly • Genus species • Genus capitalized • Species lower case • Underline if hand written • Italics if typed Homo sapiens Genus species Canis lupis Hippocampus erectus
Scientific Name: Genus species If these three species belong to the same genus, they are descended from a common ancestor. Felis domestica domestica Domestic Cat Felis Felis leo leo Lion Felis margarita margarita Sand cat`
A Problem with Traditional Classification Example: The Crab, The barnacle, & The limpet • The barnacle and the limpet have similarly shaped shells & look alike • The crab has a very different body form • Based on anatomy, the barnacle & limpet could be classified together and the crab in a different group.
Related This incorrect because crabs and barnacles are actually related
Draw this! Crustaceans Gastropods Molted Exoskeleton Even though they do not look a like, crabs & barnacles are actually related Segmentation Free swimming Larva
Classification Using Cladograms Cladogram: A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.
Crustaceans Gastropods Molted Exoskeleton Using Cladograms, you can see that crabs and barnacles share similar characteristics because they both molt & are segmented Segmentation Free swimming Larva
Crustaceans Gastropods Molted Exoskeleton You can also see that ALL have a free swimming larva stage Segmentation Free swimming Larva
Where do viruses go? Viruses: Are particles of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can reproduce ONLY by infecting living cells. Viruses are made of a core of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat. These are T4 Bacteriophage A bacteriophage is a virus which infects bacteria
Where do viruses go? (continued) Viruses are not considered alive because they don’t have ALL the characteristics of life. Example: They can’t reproduce independently These are the Influenza Viruses Influenza or "flu" is an infection of the respiratory tract that can affect millions of people every year.