Western & Eastern Europe

1. Western & Eastern Europe

2. 2000 BC – 476 AD Ancient Greece and Rome • Established a standard of excellence by which later societies measured their culture. Parthenon in Athens Greece

3. Ancient Greece • Geography let to trade and borrowing of beneficial ideas • Mountains cut them off from each other • Developed individual city-states or polis • Each having own government, laws and army • Two major city-states • Athens • Sparta

4. Athens – pluralistic society (encouraged free expression, new ideas, and change)-direct democracy (all native-born free males citizens over 18) took part in lawmaking assembly – citizens were educated, loyal, and willing to run the city-state The major philosophers of ancient Greece by Raphael.

5. Sparta – monolithic only one way of thinking and behaving)- totalitarian state (government controlled every part of the lives of its people – limiting freedom and demanding complete loyalty)

6. Golden Age of Greece • Age of Pericles (461-429 BC) • growth of democracy and building of Parthenon (temple to goddess Athena) • as Athens grew – resent from Sparta grew • Peloponnesian Wars – weakened Greece conquered by Phillip of Macedonia and his son, Alexander the Great

7. Hellenistic Period • Alexander spread Greek culture and blended it with Middle Eastern

8. Greek Contributions • Poetry – • Homer wrote Iliad and Odyssey • Theatre – tragedies ad comedies – • Sophocles, author of Oedipus Rex • Philosophy – attitude of belief that affects how a person lives • Socrates • Plato • Aristotle

9. Architecture – marble building • 3 styles of columns • Doric • Ionic • Corinthian • Sculpture • emphasized beauty and perfection – human body

10. Mathematics • Pythagoras theorem (right triangles) • Euclid (geometry based on deductive reasoning) • Science • Archimedes (lever and pulleys) • Hippocrates ( Father of Medicine – ethical standards)

11. Ancient Rome • Monarchy from 753 – 509 BC (not like Greece) • on peninsula where all people could be united under one government centered in Rome

12. Roman Republic • Government headed by elected officials. Rome was larger than any of the Greek city-states so people couldn’t effectively participate directly in running the government • Real power held by Senate – represented upper class • Two Consuls – served as heads of state • Twelve Tables of Law – rights of Roman citizens protected by these

13. Roman Empire (27 BC – 476 AD) • Rome expanded its territory through wars – borrowed from people they conquered – especially the Greek • Gap began growing between rich and poor • conflict arose and republic declined (people supported strong rulers during times of conflict)

14. Autocracy • Power is held by one man – the emperor – Augustus – established a strong central government • Pax Romana • Period of great peace and peak of Rome’s civilization

15. Roman Contributions to Civilization • Architecture • Massive structures – The Colosseum – domes and arches • Engineering • Extensive roads and bridges – “Every road leads to Rome” – Apian Way – aqueducts (carry water from country to cities)

16. Language • Latin language of Rome basis of Romance languages of Spanish, Italian, French, Portuguese, Romanian, and English • Law/Justice – coded law • Centered on Twelve Tables of Law and were carved into stone tales and displayed in the forum • equal treatment • innocent until proved guilty

17. Growth of Christianity • Attracted poor and slaves because of preaching’s of equality and brotherhood • Emperor Constantine concerted in 395 AD and church became one of the most important institutions in western Europe

18. Fall of Rome - 395 AD divided into two parts • Eastern Roman Empire • Byzantine Empire – capital Constantinople • Western Roman Empire • Capital in Rome – declined

19. Causes of the Fall of Rome • Political • Weak and corrupt government • No orderly way to choose next emperor • Assassinations common • Power went to strongest general • Economic • Heavy taxation • High unemployment • Decline in trade

20. Social • Selfish attitude • Lack of patriotism • Had to rely on mercenary armies of non-Romans who only went for spoils of war • Rome fell to the Ostrogoths (Germanic Tribe) • Led to blending of Roman and Germanic cultures

21. Middle Ages (500 – 1500 AD) • Medieval - describes this period of transition when the people of Western Europe attempted to rebuild what had been lost as a result of Rome’s collapse.

22. I. Early Middle Ages (500 – 1000 AD) – Dark Ages - problems • Lack of strong central government • Chaos and constant warfare • Decline in Trade • Roads deteriorated and merchants were afraid to travel • Money ceased and people bartered • Cities and towns declined because trade declined • Decline in Formal Learning • Warfare destroyed libraries, schools and museums • Education was neglected to concentrate on survival

23. Christianity • Kept learning alive through its education system • Byzantine Empire • Became center of trade and culture • Justinian’s Code • Basis for legal system by recording ideas before the law and guarantee of legal rights

24. Charlemagne (771 – 814 AD) • King of Germanic tribe the Franks • Christian and spread his beliefs through his conquests • United many tribes in Europe • After death many invaders tried to take over his lands • Feudal system developed as means of restoring order and insuring protection against invaders

25. II. Feudalism • Political System • Kings granted land ( a fief) to nobles (lords or vassals) in return for loyalty and military support • No strong central authority • Lords made own laws and controlled own armies made up of knights

26. Economic System – Manorialism • System in which land, rather than trade and commerce, was the major source of wealth • Replaced cities and towns, entirely self sufficient

27. Social System • Divided into classes • Kings, lords, lesser lords, knights, peasants (or serfs) and townspeople • No social mobility • Kings lords and knights were noble elites bound by code of behavior known as chivalry • Only relief peasants or serfs had was their Christian promise of heaven as a reward for a good life

28. III. Medieval Church • 1054 AD Christian Church in Europe split into two churches • Eastern or Orthodox • Became church of Byzantine Empire and Russia • Roman Catholic Church • Dominant religious institution in Western Europe

29. Roman Catholic Church • Religious Function • Place of refuge and hope • Violate laws – excommunicated • Political Function • Educated Church leadership • Took on many responsibilities of government • Kept records of births, marriages, deaths • Made religious laws • Claimed supremacy over civil authority and conflicts between kings and lords

30. Economic Function • Important landowner in Western Europe – tithe • Social Function • Maintained education • First universities • Cultural influences in music, sculpture, painting and architecture – Gothic cathedrals

31. IV. Late Middle Ages(1000 – 1500 AD) • Catholic church • Influence criticized non-believers • Anti-Semitism began • Jews put in ghettos • Muslims • Considered enemies of church • Crusades (holy wars) against Turks

32. Cultural Diffusion • Crusades resulted in exchange of ideas when contact with advanced civilization of Muslim world • People became curious about the world around them and renewed interest in learning began • Revival of Trade • Demand for goods from East • Silk, spices perfumes • Goods introduced by returning Crusaders, stimulated trade and growth of cities

33. Decline of Feudalism • Money came back into use and middle class of merchants and craftsmen developed • Organized under guilds (they regulated trade or crafts in towns) • Members of guilds became rich and influential • Shift from land to money declined power of lords and king’s dependence on lord • Nation-states began with strong kings that hired armies provided by middle class wealth

34. V. Renaissance (1350 – 1650 AD)“rebirth” of culture and learning in western Europe • Rediscovery of classical civilization of Greece and Rome • Renewed interest in worldly or secular matters • Emphasis upon uniqueness and worth of individual

35. Began in Italy – 14th Century • Milan and Florence grew rich from trade • Medici became a patron of the arts – tombs - church employed artists • Humanism • Focused on man and his world • Conflict with Church

36. Accomplishments of Renaissance • Literature – began writing in the vernacular (language of the people) • Machiavelli – The Prince – promoted ideas of “power politics – “the end justifies the means” • Shakespeare

37. Art – sculpture and painting employed Greco – Roman style and themes (realistic approach rather than two-dimensional style of Middle Ages • Leonardo da Vinci • Mona Lisa • Last Supper • Michelangelo • David • Pieta

38. Science – Scientific Revolution • Copernicus (1473 – 1543) • Heliocentric theory – sun center of universe with mathematical formulas • Galileo Galilei • Telescope • Against what church taught and tried as heretic (a Christian that disagrees with official Church doctrine)

39. VI. Protestant Reformation (1517 – 1650) • Challenged Roman Catholic Church • Objected to teachings of church and attempted to reform • Martin Luther • Indulgences • Spread his ideas through use of printing Press

40. Causes of Reformation • The Renaissance • Philosophy of humanism • Question church authority • Rise of nation-states • Monarchs resented pope’s power in their countries • Rise of nationalism • More loyalty to king than pope

41. Economic restrictions • Ban on usury • Middle class wanted to lend money since they had wealth – resented tithe • Worldliness and corruption within the church • Crisis of faith

42. Results of Reformation • Formation of new Christian religions • Protestant • denied authority of pope and looked to Bible as source of truth

43. John Calvin – predestination and the theory of the elect • All predetermined by God and nothing can change it • Success of middle class was a sign of salvation

44. Henry VIII of England • Act of Supremacy in 1543 - created national religion • The Anglican Church of England and English monarch was the head

45. Greater power for civil authorities • Church lost power because of split • Religious differences led to warfare • Protestant England and Catholic Spain • Spanish Armada – competed for trade and rivalry for power

46. Counter Reformation • Council of Trent – ended sale of indulgences • The Index (list of books condemned by Church) was created to stop anti-Church statements

47. VII. Age of Exploration and Colonization(1450 – 1750) • Desire to find new route to riches of Asia • Portugal • Prince Henry the Navigator (school for sailors – went down African coast) • Bartholemeu Dias (reached the Cape of Good Hope) • Vasco da Gama (rounded cape and reached India) – water route safer and more profitable than overland

48. Spain • Christopher Columbus • Ferdinand Magellan (first to circumnavigate the earth)

49. Curiosity about the world • inspired by Crusades, Renaissance, Marco Polo • Possible because of compass, astrolabe, gunpowder (safe to venture outside borders)

50. Establishment of Colonial Empires – colonies – effects of building empires • Competition for colonies led to war among European powers • Christianity spread throughout world • Ethnocentric attitude – mistreatment of natives (Mayas, Aztecs, Incas) • Slave trade – violation of human rights and harmful effect on development of African civilizations