Artificial Intelligence Basics and Terminology

1. International Journal of Trend in International Open International Open Access Journal | www.ijtsrd.com International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) Research and Development (IJTSRD) www.ijtsrd.com ISSN No: 2456 ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | Volume - 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep 6 | Sep – Oct 2018 Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence: Basics and Terminology : Basics and Terminology Durgesh Raghuvanshi Btech, D Btech, Department of computer science, f Higher Learning, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India IILM Academy of Higher Learning, India ABSTRACT The Artificial intelligence field continues to be plagued by what can only be described as ‘bold promises for the future syndrome’. Research in AI has built upon the tools and techniques of many different disciplines, including formal logic, probability theory, decision theory, management science, linguistic philosophy. However, the application of these disciplines in artificial intelligence development of many enhancements and extensions. Since the invention of computers or machines, their capability to perform various tasks went on growing exponentially. Humans have developed t computer systems in terms of their diverse working domains, their increasing speed and reducing size with respect to time. INTRODUCTION A branch of computer science named Artificial intelligence John McCarthy, it is “The science and engineering of making especially intelligent computer programs”. AI is a way of making a computer, a computer robot, or a software think intelligently, in the similar manner intelligent humans think. AI is an accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and how humans learn, decide and work while trying to solve a problem and then using the outcomes of this study as a basis of developing intelligent software and systems. To lay claim to have developed an intelligent system is to open a hornet's nest of debate which has raged since the early days of AI. This is not surprising since one can very quickly stray into the realms o philosophy, metaphysics and or religion we do not propose to add to the debate here but to simply make ours by way of practical methods. ours by way of practical methods. The Artificial intelligence field continues to be plagued by what can only be described as ‘bold promises for the future syndrome’. Research in AI has built upon the tools and techniques of many different disciplines, including formal logic, probability theory, decision theory, management science, linguistic A branch of computer science named Artificial intelligence John McCarthy, it is “The science and engineering of making especially intelligent computer programs”. AI is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled ware think intelligently, in the similar manner intelligent humans think. AI is an accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and how humans learn, decide and work while trying to solve a problem and then using the outcomes of this f developing intelligent software and intelligent intelligent machines, machines, hese disciplines in artificial development of many enhancements and extensions. Since the invention of computers or machines, their capability to perform various tasks went on growing exponentially. Humans have developed the power of computer systems in terms of their diverse working domains, their increasing speed and reducing size intelligence has has necessitated necessitated the the To lay claim to have developed an intelligent system is to open a hornet's nest of debate which has raged since the early days of AI. This is not surprising since one can very quickly stray into the realms of philosophy, metaphysics and or religion we do not propose to add to the debate here but to simply make @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018 Oct 2018 Page: 1539

2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470 AI programming languages include LISP developed in the 1950'S is the early programming language strongly associated with AI. LISP is a functional programming language with procedural extensions. LISP was specially designed for processing heterogeneous lists typically a list of symbols. Features of LISP are run-time type checking. AI is a new electronic machine that stores a large amount of information and processes it at very high speed. AI has the ability to solve problems hence it is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence. Types of artificial intelligence:- AI can be classified in any number of ways there are two types of classification. TYPE 1:- ?WEAK AI OR NARROW AI:- ?It is focused on one narrow task, the phenomenon that machines which are not too intelligent to do their own work can be built in such a way that they seem smart. ?An example would be a poker game where a machine beats human where in which all rules and moves are fed into the machine. There each and every possible scenario need to be entered beforehand manually. Each and every weak AI will contribute to the building of strong AI. ?STRONG AI:- ?The machines that can actually think and perform tasks on its own just like a human being. There are no proper existing examples ofthis, but some industry leaders are very keen on getting close to build a strong AI which has resulted in rapid progress. TYPE 2 (BASED ON FUNCTIONALITIES) : ?Reactive machines:- ?This is one of the basic forms of AI. It doesn't have post-memory information to perform future actions. ?Example: - IBM chess program that beat Garry Kasparov in the 1990's. ?Limited Memory:- ?AI systems can use past experiences to inform future decisions. Some of the decision functions in self-driving cars have been designed this way. Observations used to inform actions this way. Observations used to inform actions AI programming languages include LISP developed in the 1950'S is the early programming language AI. LISP is a functional programming language with procedural extensions. LISP was specially designed for processing heterogeneous lists typically a list of symbols. time type checking. AI is a happening in the not so distant future, such as a car that has changed lanes. These observations are happening in the not so dista car that has changed lanes. These observations are not stored permanently and also apple chatbot Siri. not stored permanently and also apple chatbot Siri. ?Theory of Mind:- ?This type of AI should be able to understand people's emotion, belief thoughts and be able to interact socially. Even though a lot of improvements are there in this field this kind of AI is not completed yet. ?Self-awareness:- ?An AI that has its own conscious super intelligent, self-awareness sentiment. Of course, this kind of bot also doesn't exist and i of the milestones in the field of AI. IMPORTANCE OF AI:- ?Game playing:- ?You can buy machines that can play a master level of chess for a few hundred dollars. There is some Ai in them but they ay well against people mainly through brute force computation looking at hundreds of thousands of positions. To beat a world champion by brute force and known reliable heuristics requires being able to look at 200 million positions per second. ?Speech recognition:- ?In the 1990's computer spee a practical level for limited purposes. The United Airlines has replaced its keyboard tree for flight information by a system using speech recognition of flight numbers and city names. ?Understanding Natural Language: ?Just getting a sequence of words into a computer is not enough. Parsing sentences is not enough either the computer has to be provided with an understanding of the domain the text is about and this is presently possible only for very limited domains. ?Computer Vision:- ?The world is composed of 3d objects but the inputs to the human eye and computers TV cameras are 2D some useful programs can work solely in two dimensions but full computer vision requires partial 3d information that is not just a set of 2d views. At present, there are only limited ways of representing 3d information directly and they are not as good as what humans evidently use. should be able to understand belief thoughts, expectations t socially. Even though a lot a large amount of of improvements are there in this field this kind of information and processes it at very high speed. AI has the ability to solve problems hence it is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It An AI that has its own conscious super intelligent, awareness sentiment. Of course, this kind of bot also doesn't exist and if achieved it will be one of the milestones in the field of AI. sing computers to AI can be classified in any number of ways there are You can buy machines that can play a master level of chess for a few hundred dollars. There is some Ai in them but they ay well against people mainly brute force computation looking at hundreds of thousands of positions. To beat a world champion by brute force and known reliable heuristics requires being able to look at 200 million positions per second. It is focused on one narrow task, the phenomenon that machines which are not too intelligent to do their own work can be built in such a way that An example would be a poker game where a machine beats human where in which all rules and moves are fed into the machine. There each and every possible scenario need to be entered beforehand manually. Each and every weak AI In the 1990's computer speech recognition reached a practical level for limited purposes. The United Airlines has replaced its keyboard tree for flight information by a system using speech recognition of flight numbers and city names. of strong AI. The machines that can actually think and perform tasks on its own just like a human being. There are no proper existing examples ofthis, but some industry leaders are very keen on getting close to Understanding Natural Language:- Just getting a sequence of words into a computer is not enough. Parsing sentences is not enough either the computer has to be provided with an understanding of the domain the text is about and this is presently possible only for very limited ulted in rapid TYPE 2 (BASED ON FUNCTIONALITIES) :- This is one of the basic forms of AI. It doesn't memory information to perform future actions. IBM chess program that beat Garry and and cannot cannot use use past past The world is composed of 3d objects but the inputs to the human eye and computers TV cameras are 2D some useful programs can work solely in two dimensions but full computer vision requires partial 3d information that is not just a set iews. At present, there are only limited ways of representing 3d information directly and they are not as good as what humans evidently AI systems can use past experiences to inform future decisions. Some of the decision-making driving cars have been designed @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018 Oct 2018 Page: 1540

3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470 WHAT CONTRIBUTES AI? Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on disciplines such as Computer science, biology, psychology, linguistics, mathematics, engineering. A major thrust of artificial intelligence is in the development of computer functions associated with human intelligence such as reasoning, learning problem-solving. Out of the following areas, one or multiple areas can contribute to building an intelligent system. Conclusion:- I have sketched two ways in which the ALP agent model, building upon many different developments in AI, can be used by many ordinary people to improve their own human intelligence It can help them express their thoughts more clearly and coherently and it can help them to make better choices. I believe that the application of such techniques as a fruitfu collaboration between researchers in AI and researchers in more humanistic disciplines. Reference:- 1.Robert Kowalski, Oxford University wellington square united kingdom 2.Analilia Lauren cruces, the researcher in computer science, University of Wollongong Australia. 3.John Fulcher, intelligent systems research center university of Wollongong Australia. 4.Professor Pradipta Das, University of technology, Sambalpur Odisha India. science and technology help them to make better choices. I believe that the application of such techniques as a fruitful area of collaboration between researchers in AI and researchers in more humanistic disciplines. based on disciplines such as Computer science, biology, psychology, linguistics, mathematics, and . A major thrust of artificial intelligence is in the development of computer functions associated as reasoning, learning solving. Out of the following areas, one or multiple areas can contribute to building an intelligent Robert Kowalski, Oxford University wellington Analilia Lauren cruces, the researcher in computer Wollongong Australia. John Fulcher, intelligent systems research center university of Wollongong Australia. I have sketched two ways in which the ALP agent model, building upon many different developments in I, can be used by many ordinary people to improve their own human intelligence It can help them express their thoughts more clearly and coherently and it can Professor Pradipta of technology, Sambalpur Odisha Das, Veer Veer Surendrasai Surendrasai @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018 Oct 2018 Page: 1541