CHAPTER 21 DISCONTENT AND EXPERIMENTATION

1. CHAPTER 21DISCONTENT AND EXPERIMENTATION

2. “The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing.” – Edmund Burke

3. Weakness within the democracies • Great Britain • 1932 – Almost 25% unemployment • Dole – government relief for the unemployed • Social welfare programs increased • Ramsay MacDonald – first Labour Party prime minister of Britain • 1921 - Irish Free State gained independence • Northern Ireland remained under Britain’s control • 1931 - Statue of Westminister – established a British Commonwealth of Nations

4. France • Suffered more losses but achieved greater economic recovery than Britain • Remained politically unstable • Frequently changed prime ministers • Socialist and Communist political parties became stronger • Leon Blum – led the Popular Front • Feared German aggression • Maginot Line – line of fortification

5. The United States • Americans wanted to return to isolation from foreign policy • Warren G. Harding – promised a “return to normalcy” • Calvin Coolidge – focused on domestic policy • Herbert Hoover – received most of the blame for the Great Depression • October 1929 – Stock market crashed • Franklin Roosevelt – elected President in 1932

6. The New Deal • Attempted to provide… • Subsidies for farmers • Employment for young men • Regulation of the stock exchange

7. Pop Quiz List three possessions of Great Britain that were given self-rule or complete independence after World War I. What factor contributed to the political instability within the Third French Republic following the war? What was the name of the French line of defense that protected her border from Switzerland to Belgium? Which U.S. President sought to promote relief, recovery, and reform to get the country out of the Great Depression? What name was given to his program?

8. Rise of totalitarian dictatorships • Characteristics of a Totalitarian State • 1. Use of propaganda • 2. Use of secret police • 3. Emphasis upon the goals of the state • 4. State control of all aspects of life • 5. Government maintained by force • 6. One-party political system led by a dictator

9. Communism in Russia • Alexander III • Censored the press • Suppressed revolutionary ideas • Forced minority groups to become “Russian” in language and religion • Pogroms – organized government massacres • Nicholas II • Bolsheviks – radical revolutionary group • Mensheviks – peaceful moderate group

10. Prelude to the Revolution • Russo-Japanese War • Bloody Sunday • January 22, 1905 • October Manifesto • Soviet – council • Duma – national assembly elected by the people

11. Outbreak of Revolution Rasputin – monk and adviser to the royal family March 8, 1917 – Duma disbanded March 15 – Nicholas II abdicated Alexander Kerensky – Menshevik leader of the provisional government

12. Founding of the USSR • Blosheviks Seize the Revolution • Vladimir Lenin • Student of Karl Marx, though he differed in some points • Necessity of violent revolution • Proletariat vs. determined leadership • Limited power to a small group of revolutionaries

13. Lenin’s rise to power • Russians desired an end to war • Desertion of over two million soldiers • Failure of the government to deal with the economy

14. Civil War Erupts • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • Leon Trotsky – leader of the Red Army • Red = Communists • White = opponents • Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic • 1924 – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics • War communism – Demand that peasants turn over their surplus crops to the state

15. 1921 – New Economic Plan – a temporary retreat from communism in order to rescue the Russian economy Capitalism helped rescue Russia’s economy