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Solutions

Solutions. Matter. Are all the particles alike?. YES. NO. Pure Substance. Mixture. Are the particles one kind of atom?. Are the particles well-mixed and mixed evenly?. YES. NO. YES. NO. Homogeneous Mixture (Solutions). Heterogeneous Mixture. Element. Compounds or Molecules.

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Solutions

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  1. Solutions

  2. Matter Are all the particles alike? YES NO Pure Substance Mixture Are the particles one kind of atom? Are the particles well-mixed and mixed evenly? YES NO YES NO Homogeneous Mixture (Solutions) Heterogeneous Mixture Element Compounds or Molecules

  3. For something to dissolve in water, the water molecules need to break the bonds between the solute molecules

  4. Solutions (homogeneous mixture) • very small particles evenly distributed • often difficult to separate • examples: metal alloys, milk, salt water, Kool Aid®

  5. Dissolving • the substance that is dissolved is called the solute • the substance that does the dissolving is the solvent • a substance that dissolves in another substance is soluble; if it can’t, it is insoluble • solubility describes the amount of solute that can be dissolved in a volume of solvent • an unsaturated solution will dissolve more solute • can not dissolve any more solute in a saturated solution

  6. Acids Acids and Bases • Properties • a substance that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in solution • the more H+ dissolved in water, the stronger the acid • can taste sour • corrosive (“eat away” metals) • dehydrating agents (remove water from materials- skin!)

  7. Common acids • sulfuric acid: most widely used chemical in the world, car batteries, production of fertilizers • phosphoric acid: make fertilizers and detergents • nitric acid: fertilizers and explosives • hydrochloric acid: stomach acid and to pickle (clean) metals

  8. Bases (also called alkaline when in water) • Properties • “opposite” of an acid • a substance that produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution • the more OH- dissolved in water, the stronger the base • feel slippery (soap) • may taste bitter

  9. Common bases • ammonium hydroxide: most common, household cleaning agent, and in fertilizers • magnesium hydroxide: laxative, antacid • sodium hydroxide: drain and oven cleaner

  10. Measuring Acid/Base Strength • pH scale • each increase or decrease is 10X change in concentration • indicators are chemicals that change color in an acid or base

  11. Neutralization • the chemical reaction between an acid and base that produces “a salt” and water • acid + base → salt + water • HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

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