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Transcription. DNA codes for RNA. Objective:. Students will be able to outline how DNA is transcribed into RNA and apply their understanding by practicing doing transcription. Warm Up:. How are DNA and RNA similar structurally? How do the base-pairing rules change when using RNA?

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  1. Transcription DNA codes for RNA

  2. Objective: Students will be able to outline how DNA is transcribed into RNA and apply their understanding by practicing doing transcription. Warm Up: • How are DNA and RNA similar structurally? • How do the base-pairing rules change when using RNA? • What is a gene? • Complete yesterdays exit slip if not completed

  3. Finding and Baking Cookies Analogy Go to the Library (Nucleus) & Copy Cookie recipe (mRNA) from cookbook (DNA) Home to Kitchen (Ribosome) Gather Ingredients (Amino Acids and tRNA ) Add ingredients following recipe (tRNA docks with mRNA ) Final Baking Product (protein)

  4. Transcription • DNA begins to unwind. • RNA polymerase adds free RNA nucleotides using the base-pairing rules to one side of the DNA. • Upon reaching the termination signal the mRNA is released. BIG PICTURE: DNA is the cookbook for proteins. The mRNA is a copy of one recipe for one specific protein.

  5. RNA molecule is made Only one part of a strand is used as a template A DNA molecule is made Both DNA strands are used as templates Transcription vs. DNA Replication

  6. Genetic Code • How a sequence of nitrogenous bases in nucleotides corresponds to a particular amino acid • Codon: -three nucleotide sequence in mRNA that encodes an amino acid or a start or stop signal. • Three adjacent nucleotides (“letter”) in mRNA specify an amino acid (“word”) in a polypeptide, which is a protein.

  7. Making a Protein from mRNA • If each nucleotide = 1 aa – how many aa possible? 4^1 = 4 amino acids • If 2 nucleotides = 1 aa – how many? 4^2 = 16 amino acids • If 3? 4^3 = 64 • 3 nucleotides = 1 amino acid • Only 20 aa so it’s a degenerate code • Some codons code for same amino acid

  8. Overview of Protein Synthesis

  9. Decoding - Translation Space A B C D E F G 0,0,0 1,2,3 4,5,6 7,8,9 10,11,12 13,14,15 16,17,18 19,20,21 H I J K L M N O 22,23,24 25,26,27 28,29,30 31,32,33 34,35,36 40,41,42 43,44,45 49,50,51 37,38,39 46,47,48 52,53,54 55,56,57 P Q R S T U V W 58,59,60 61,62,63 64,65,66 67,68,69 70,71,72 73,74,75 76,77,78 79,80,81 X Y Z 82,83,84 85,86,87 91,92,93 88,89,90 Code: 4,5,6,25,26,27,52,53,54,34,35,36,55,56,57,19,20,21,88,89,90,0,0,0, 25,26,27,67,68,69,0,0,0,70,71,72,22,23,24,13,14,15,0,0,0,4,5,6,13,14,15, 67,68,69,70,71,72,0,0,0,7,8,9,37,38,39,1,2,3,67,68,69,67,68,69

  10. Warm Up: • What is a codon? • What is the purpose of transcription and how is it accomplished? • What did we do in class this week that really helped you learn how genes become proteins? • What did we do in class this week that you think did not work for you? • Why? How could it be improved? Weekly Feedback

  11. Translation • mRNA leaves the nucleus for the cytosol. • A ribosome clamps onto the mRNA at the “start” codon. • tRNA’s bind to specific amino acids. • The ribosome is a docking station where tRNA with its anti-codon can bind with mRNA with its codon. • The amino acids join together to form a growing protein. • The protein is released when the “stop” codon is reached BIG PICTURE: The mRNA is read to make a protein.

  12. Finding and Baking Cookies Analogy Go to the Library (Nucleus) & Copy Cookie recipe (mRNA) from cookbook (DNA) Home to Kitchen (Ribosome) Gather Ingredients (Amino Acids and tRNA ) Add ingredients following recipe (tRNA docks with mRNA ) Final Baking Product (protein)

  13. Overview of Protein Synthesis

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