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Wildfire Plume Injection Heights Over North America: An Analysis of MISR Observations

Wildfire Plume Injection Heights Over North America: An Analysis of MISR Observations. Maria Val Martin and Jennifer A. Logan (Harvard Univ., USA) Fok-Yan Leung (Washington State Univ., USA) David L. Nelson, Ralph A. Kahn and David J. Diner (NASA) Saulo Freitas (INPE, Brazil).

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Wildfire Plume Injection Heights Over North America: An Analysis of MISR Observations

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  1. Wildfire Plume Injection Heights Over North America: An Analysis of MISR Observations Maria Val Martin and Jennifer A. Logan (Harvard Univ., USA) Fok-Yan Leung (Washington State Univ., USA) David L. Nelson, Ralph A. Kahn and David J. Diner (NASA) Saulo Freitas (INPE, Brazil) Research funded by NSF and EPA

  2. Wildfire Plume Injection Heights Over North America: An Analysis of MISR Observations Outline: • An statistical analysis of aerosol injection heights over North America • The use of a 1-D plume-rise model to develop a parameterization of the injection heights of North American wildfire emissions

  3. Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer- MISR 9 view angles at Earth surface: nadir to 70.5º forward and backward 4 bands at each angle: 446,558,672, 866 nm Continuous pole-to-pole coverage on orbit dayside 400-km swath 9 day coverage at equator 2 day coverage at poles Overpass around local noon time in high and mid- latitudes 275 m - 1.1 km sampling In polar orbit aboard Terra since December 1999

  4. Histogram of heights retrieved by MINX Cross-section of heights as a function of distance from the source Analysis of Fire Plumes: MISR INteractive eXplorer (MINX) Plume over central Alaska on June 2002 (http://www.openchannelsoftware.org)

  5. 2002 N = 480 2004 N = 690 2005 N = 980 2006 N = 463 2007 N = 580 About 3000 plumes digitalized over North America http://www-misr2.jpl.nasa.gov/EPA-Plumes/

  6. Plume Height? Stable Layer Max Boundary Layer (BL) Avg Median Each individual height Mode Plume Distribution and Atmospheric Conditions Histogram of Plume Height Retrievals Atmospheric Stability Profile Meteorological fields from GEOS-4 and GEOS-5 2x2.5

  7. 5-30% smoke emissions are injected above the boundary layer 2002 10–25% 2005 4–15% 2006 9–28% 2007 9–18% 2004 Kahn et al, [2008] Distribution of MISR heights-PBL for smoke plumes

  8. Cropland Non-Bor Grass Boreal Grass Non-Bor Shrub Boreal Shrub Boreal Forest Extra-Trop Forest Trop Forest 2002 2004 2005 2006 2007 Percentage of smoke above BL varies with vegetation type and fire season Vegetation classification based on MODIS IGBP land cover (1x1 km) (http://modis-land.gsfc.nasa.gov/landcover.htm) % Height retrievals with [Height-PBL] > 0.5 km

  9. 13% 11% 13% 24% 7% Smoke emissions tend to get confined within stable layers in the atmosphere, when they exist Kahn et al, [2007] Leung et al, [in prep] Distribution of all individual heights in the FT – Stable Layer MISR Heights – Stable Layer ≈ 0 km

  10. 1-D Plume-resolving Model • Key input parameters: • Instant fire size: MODIS fire counts (scaled by max FRP observed over vegetation type [Charles Ichoku, personal communication]) • (> 80% fires <25 Ha) • Total heat flux: Max MODIS FRP observed over vegetation type x 10 [Wooster et al, 2005] • (~9000-18000 W/m2) • RH, T, P, wind speed and direction: from GEOS-4 meteo fields 2x2.5 • Fuel moisture content: from Canadian Fire Weather Model Detailed information in Freitas et al, [2007]

  11. Simulation of a boreal fire plume in Alaska and a grassland fire plume in Mexico 1D Plume-rise Model MISR Retrieved Heights MISR Smoke Plume Boreal Forest Fire Fire Size= 300 Ha Heat Flux= 18 kW/m2 Trop. Grassland Fire Fire Size= 3.8 Ha Heat Flux= 9 kW/m2

  12. Simulation of a boreal fire plume in Alaska and a grassland fire plume over Mexico 1D Plume-rise Model MISR Retrieved Heights MISR Smoke Plume Boreal Forest Fire 6200 m 6500 m Fire Size= 300 Ha Heat Flux= 18 kW/m2 Trop. Grassland Fire 555 m 600 m Fire Size= 3.8 Ha Heat Flux= 9 kW/m2

  13. The 1-D Plume-resolving Model simulates fairly well the observed MISR heights Correlation between simulated plume heights and MISR observed heights over North America

  14. Concluding Remarks • 5-30% of smoke emissions are injected above the BL. • The percentage of smoke that reaches the FT varies with vegetation type and fire season. • When smoke emissions reach the free troposphere, they tend to get trapped in stable layers, if they are present. • 1-D plume-resolving model simulates fairly well the observed MISR plume heights. • In the future, we plan to embed the 1-D plume-resolving model with GEOS-Chem to simulate vertical transport of North American wildfire emissions.

  15. Extra Slides

  16. The 1D plume-resolving model: Governing equations dynamics thermodynamics water vapor conservation cloud water conservation rain/ice conservation bulk microphysics

  17. The 1D plume-resolving model: The lower boundary conditions

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