Human Learning & Memory

1. Human Learning & Memory Siena Heights University Chapter 6 Dr. S.Talbot

2. Social Cognitive Theory (aka social learning theory) • Def. – learning by ________ and ________. • General Principles • People can learn by observing others. • Learning can occur without a change in behaviors • Cognition plays an important role in learning. • People can have considerable control over their actions and environments. Chapter 6 – Social Cognitive Theory

3. Environmental factors in Social Learning • Observer gets reinforced by the model. • Observer is reinforced by a third person. • The imitated behavior leads to reinforcing consequences. • The consequences of the model affects the observer ___________ (punishment or reinforcement). Chapter 6 – Social Cognitive Theory

4. Cognitive factors in Social Learning • Learning involves a mental rather than behavioral change. • Certain cognitive approaches are necessary. • Learners form beliefs about their ability to perform various behaviors (efficacy). • The occurrence of consequences is influential. • The non occurrence of consequences is influential in and of itself. Chapter 6 – Social Cognitive Theory

5. Reciprocal Causation • Environment (E): General conditions in the outside world. • Person (P): An individual’s particular physical characteristics, cognitive processes, and socially and culturally conferred roles and reputations. • Behavior (B): An individual’s observable actions and reactions. P Chapter 6 – Social Cognitive Theory E A

6. How modeling affects behavior • Teaches new behaviors • Influences the frequency of behaviors (the same or similar) • Encourages previously ________ behaviors Chapter 6 – Social Cognitive Theory

7. Characteristics of successful models • The model is _______ or _______. • The model has _____ & ______. • The model behaves in stereotypical ways. • The models behavior is ______ to the observer’s situation. • __________ between the observer and model. Chapter 6 – Social Cognitive Theory

8. Necessary conditions • ________ to the model. • Retention of __________. • Motor Reproduction (physical ability) • Motivation or desire to perform the modeled behavior. This may include the idea of self – efficacy in the behavior demonstrated. Chapter 6 – Social Cognitive Theory

9. Self-efficacy: The _______ belief in one’s ability to ________. • Not the same as self-esteem or self – concept. • Affects our choice of activities. • Affects our goals. • Affects effort or persistence. • Affects learning and achievement. • Learners are at a disadvantage when the ___________ and _________ their abilities. How? Chapter 6 – Social Cognitive Theory

10. How is self - efficacy developed? • Previous successes and failures. • Current emotional state. • Messages from others. • Successes and failure of others. • Successes and failures of the group as a whole. Chapter 6 – Social Cognitive Theory

11. Self-regulation • Elements • Setting standards • Self-observation • Self – evaluation • Self – reaction • Self - reflection • Promoting • Self – instructions • Self – monitoring • Self – reinforcement • Self – imposed stimulus control Chapter 6 – Social Cognitive Theory

12. Implications? • Modeling • Clarify of consequences • Efficacy • Expectations Chapter 6 – Social Cognitive Theory