Alat dan Mesin Pengolah Tanah

1. AlatdanMesinPengolah Tanah

2. Tujuan Pengolahan Tanah Untuk menciptakan kondisi fisik, kimia dan biologi tanah yang lebih baik sampai kedalaman tertentu agar sesuai untuk pertumbuhan tanaman.

3. Tujuan pengolahan tanah secara spesifik • Membunuh gulma dan tanaman yang tidak diinginkan • Menempatkan seresah atau sisa tanaman pada tempat yang sesuai agar dekomposisi dapat berjalan dengan baik • Menurunkan laju erosi (dengan mengatur arah alur) • Meratakan tanah untuk memudahkan pekerjaan di lapang • Menyatukan pupuk dengan tanah dan mempermudah pengaturan air

4. Soil quality: Indicators • Proposed quantitative indicators of soil quality: • Teksur • Kedalaman tanah • Infiltrasi • Bulk density • Water holding capacity • Kandungan bahan organik • pH • Electrical conductivity • Microbial biomass C and N • Potentially mineralizable N • Soil respiration • Expensive and time-consuming to measure. Another option is to use readily observable, but subjective, ratings of soil quality. Jeff Vanuga, USDA-NRCS

5. Macam Pengolahan Tanah • Pengolahantanahpertama (primary tillage) • Tanah dipotongkemudiandiangkatdandibalik agar sisatanaman yang ada di permukaantanahdapatterbenam di dalamtanah. Kedalamanpemotongandanpembalikanumumnyadiatas 15 cm. hasilberupabongkahan yang masihberukuranbesar. • Pengolahantanahkedua (secondary tillage) • bongkahantanah yang masihberukuranbesardansisatanaman yang telahterpotongpadapengolahanpertamaakandihancurkanlebihhalusdansekaligusmencampurnyadengantanah.

6. Fallow Field (Starting Point)

7. Primary tillage operations

8. Hasil pengolahan pertama

9. Peralatan Pengolahan Tanah • Primary Tillage (Pengolahan Pertama ) • Bajak singkal • Bajak piringan • Bajak Putar • Bajak Pahat • Bajak Tanah Bawah • Secondary Tillage (Pengolahan Kedua) • Garu piringan • Garu sisir • Garu bergigi per • Garu khusus : pencacah gulma/ seresah, pemotong putar, penggembur tanah

10. Pengolahan tanah menggunakan energi lebih banyak dibanding tahap lainnya. • Pengolahan tanah memerlukan waktu: sehingga tidak bisa dilakukan dalam waktu cepat.

11. Primary Tillage ImplementsMoldboard (singkal) and Disc Plow (piringan)

12. Primary Tillage Implements Offset and Chisel plow

13. Primary TillageImplements Rotovator (putar)

14. Secondary tillage operations

15. Hasil setelah secondary working

16. Secondary Tillage Implements Tandem Disc

17. Secondary Tillage Implements Tine cultivator

18. After final dry working

19. Bagaimana dengan budidaya padi sawah ? Mengapa Petani Melumpurkan (puddling) tanah sawahnya ?

20. Puddling • Membuat lapisan Create hard pan untuk mengurangi perkolasi air irigasi ke bawah. • Membunuh gulma-gulma pengganggu sebelum tanam. • Level fields • Melembutkan (Softens) soil for transplanting

21. Puddling using 4wd tractor

22. Puddling using a Hydro tiller

23. Puddled field prior to planting

24. Why do we use different plowing patterns?

25. Plowing patterns (pola pembajakan tanah) • Determined by implement (one-way plow can only throws soil in one direction) • Determined by desired field levelness-headland most level • Determined by field shape-long narrow fields • Determines efficiency (headland pattern most efficient)

26. Circuitous Plowing PatternsStarts at outside and leaves a furrow in the middle of field Moldboards, discs and offset discs

27. Headland PatternOne way pattern This system is used for bigger pieces of land and can only be used for tined implements, rotovators, harrows and reversible ploughs

28. Headland PatternGathering Pattern

29. Headland PatternCasting Pattern Casting Pattern hampir sama dengan Gathering Pattern, namun dimulai dari sisi luar. Arah irisan mengarah ke sisi lahan. Sistem ini dapat digunakan untuk semua jenis bajak

30. Tillage - old

31. Tillage - Modern

32. Remediating compaction through tillage: Subsoilers Two types of modern subsoilers that break through subsoil compaction while conserving surface residue cover. Photos by Sjoerd Duiker, Penn State University

33. Tillage systems: Conservation tillage Conservation tillage (photo by Tim McCabe, USDA-NRCS)

34. energy saving time savings erosion control tanah di awal musim semi (cold spring soils) disease and insect problems lower yields weed control harder Conservation TillageAdvantages Disadvantages

37. Roda penyangga

38. Chisel Plowing http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=758554037778096590&q=CHISEL+PLOW&total=4&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=2

39. Chisel Plowing This system does not turn the soil over, but rather leaves it rough with clods of soil, with plenty of crop residue remaining. The soil density and amount of covering depends on the depth, size, shape, spacing, of the chisel blades. The residue and rough, cloddy surface of the soil reduces raindrops impact and reduces runoff velocities, thus reducingerosion.

40. Disk Plowing • Similar to Chisel plowing, some residues are turned under by the disk lifting and inverting the soil.

41. Ridge Tillage The annual ridges are formed by using a rolling disk bedder, and planting is done after only minor spring seedbed preparation.

42. Ridge tillage The extent of soil conservation depends on the amount of residue left and the row direction. Planting on the contour plus increased surface residues greatly reduce soil loss.

44. Strip Tillage –No Ridge • Strip tillage aims to retain crop residues, and establish crops with the least amount of soil disturbance while still maintaining crop yield. • Strip till techniques often involve fully cultivating a strip that is about one third of the row spacing wide. • The rest of the soil is left undisturbed, and provides a good carriage way for vehicles passing through the crop.

45. Coring and top-dressing golf greens

46. Conclusion Poorly prepared fields will cause management problems through the following crop. Gejala yang muncul: • Poor plant establishment • Excessive pest / weed burdens • Uneven crop growth and maturity • Poor water use efficiency

47. Thank you