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Female Reproduction

Female Reproduction. Estrous Cycle. Estrous Cycle - Estrus. Also known as heat Period of time when the female is receptive to the male Hormone Estrogen . Estrous Cycle - Metestrus. Ovulation occurs Hormone LH Leutinizing hormone. Estrous Cycle - Diestrus. Assumes pregnancy Hormone

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Female Reproduction

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  1. Female Reproduction

  2. Estrous Cycle

  3. Estrous Cycle - Estrus • Also known as heat • Period of time when the female is receptive to the male • Hormone • Estrogen

  4. Estrous Cycle - Metestrus • Ovulation occurs • Hormone • LH • Leutinizing hormone

  5. Estrous Cycle - Diestrus • Assumes pregnancy • Hormone • Progesterone

  6. Estrous Cycle - Proestrus • If not pregnant the body prepares for estrus

  7. Is the cycle working? • How do we detect if an animal is heat? • Natural Signs • Heat detection aids

  8. Natural Detection • Timeline for heat • On a piece of paper you are going to draw a timeline • Show the natural signs of heat detection

  9. Detection Aids • Teaser Animals • Chin-ball markers • Heat pads • Tailhead Chalking • Recordkeeping • Pedometer

  10. Teaser Animal • Animal that has been made so that it cannot reproduce however it still has the hormones running through it’s body • Can be done through surgery or hormone therapy • Females with added hormones • Androgenized • Males surgery

  11. Chin Ball Markers

  12. Heat Pads

  13. Tailhead Chalking

  14. Record Keeping

  15. Pedometer

  16. Now What Happens? • Mating • We will cover the different methods of mating when we cover male reproduction

  17. What happens now? • Starts developing • 3 main stages • Ovum Period • Embryonic Period • Fetal Period

  18. Ovum Period • Fertilization • Union of sperm and egg • Takes place in the fallopian tube • Cell Division • Cells undergo mitosis and begin to divide

  19. Stages Morula – spherical mass of cells Zygote - 2 to 8 cells Blastula – mass of cellswith a hollow cavity

  20. Embryo Stage • Implantation • New embryo becomes implanted into the uterine horn where it will be nourished and developed • Abnormal • Ovarian: young seldom survive • Tubal: young occasionally survive to birth • Abdominal: young do not survive to full term

  21. Embryo Period • Differentation – cells become organized into specific structures • Completion of all major organ systems • Looks like an organism

  22. Fetal Period • Placentation • Membranes develop to provide the fetus with nutrition • Each embryo has their own set of membranes • Twins have common membrane and common blood supply • Freemartins

  23. Cow Ewe Placental Attachment • Cotyledon • Contacts made at only certain points in the uterus • Also known as buttons • Cows and ewes

  24. Placental Attachment • Diffuse • Contact is made over most of the uterus • Mares and sows

  25. Placental Structures • Amnion • Inner most layer that forms the sac (amniotic sac) • Filled with amniotic fluid that protects young from shock and adhesion • Umbilical Cord • Long flexible tube attached to the placenta where food, oxygen, and wastes are exchanged between the mother and the baby

  26. Growth and Development • Fetus grows and organs continue to develop so that the animal can live on its own

  27. How do I know if they are pregnant? • Can choose to look if they are pregnant or wait • Advantages and disadvantages • Different methods

  28. Advantages of pregnancy Checking • Early warning of breeding troubles • Rebreed non-pregnant females • Separate pregnant and non pregnant animals • Provides a mean for culling • Increases profits • Can sell as pregnant animal • Slaughter animals bring more if they are known open • Unproductive breeders can be culled

  29. Disadvantages of Pregnancy Testing • Health risk to the dam and fetus • Labor and equipment

  30. Ways of Pregnancy Testing • Rectal palpation • Primary method for all livestock • About 42 days after breeding

  31. Ways of Pregnancy Testing • Analysis of progesterone • Used in cattle, dairy, and sheep industry • Not really common although is becoming more so • Check for levels of progesterone in blood or milk • 30 days post breeding

  32. Ways of Pregnancy Checking • Ultrasound • Able to look and see the fetus • Must have a highly skilled technician • Depends on your technician when they can detect

  33. Ways to Pregnancy Test • Ultrasonic • Listen for echoes • Rectal doppler • Look for heart beat

  34. Preparing for Birth • Some producers do something called “flushing” • Giving the animal extra nutrients three weeks prior to birth • Most animals (especially sheep) will begin to look thinner because all nutrition is going into their babies

  35. Preparing for Birth • Animal will start to create an udder • As it gets closer most animals teats will become waxy • Typically referred to as “bagging up”

  36. Preparing for birth • Bring the animal to a smaller area • Sheep = jugging • Swine = putting in farrowing crate • Cattle = bringing into smaller pens • Allows the animals to be watched

  37. Preparing for birth • Sheep • Crutching • Removing the wool from the butt and udder area • Other animals are just left until they beginpaturition

  38. How do I know when they are going to give birth? • Cattle • Swollen udder • Fluid in udder changes from watery to thick, milky colostrum • Muscles around tailhead shrink • Noticeable enlargement and swelling of the vulva • Cow is nervous, uneasy, anorexic • Musclar contractions start • Look for young • Makes nest and wants to be isolated

  39. How do I know when they are going to give birth? • Sheep • 10 days prior, teats become full of milk • Vulva swollen • Cervical seal passes as thick creamy mucus • Ewe becomes nervous

  40. How do I know when they are going to give birth? • Horses • 2-6 weeks udder swells • 7-10 days muscles shrink and abdomen drops • 4-6 days prior teats fill with milk • 12-24 hours “waxing”

  41. How do I know when they are going to give birth? • Pigs • 3 days prior sow will spend most of the time sleeping and eating • As it nears they will nest build • Clean and dry birth site • Vulva enlarges • Milk fills with teats 10-18 hours before

  42. Parturition • The act of giving birth • 4 Stages • Preparatory stage • Expulsion of fetus • Expulsion of the placenta • Period of rest

  43. Preparatory Stage • Restlessness of animal due to minor contractions • Dilation of the cervix • Cervix expands allowing uterus and vagina to become continuous canal

  44. Expulsion of Fetus • Increased contraction • Straining followed by a few minutes of rest • Fetus in amnion is propelled through the birth canal • Fetus exits the sac

  45. Expulsion of Placenta • Caused by uterine contractions • Should be expelled within 12 hours following parturition • It may become retained and need to be helped • Treat it with antibiotics • Most animals will eat their placenta if you do not remove it from the pen

  46. Period of Rest • Mothering will kick in and they will begin to mother the animal • Clean and dry it off • Make sure that it gets up • The mother will also rest

  47. Proper Presentation • Forelegs first with nose resting on the forlegs • Piglets can be born either way • First water bag will appear on the outside increasing in size until it ruptures due to weight

  48. Proper Presentation • Immediately after the first bag a second bag will follow with the fetus inside • If presentation is normal do not assist until necessary

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