Native American Mythology & Folklore

1. An Introduction to Native AmericanMythology & Folklore

2. Introduction • The Native American or Indian peoples of North American do not share a single, unified body of mythology • The many different tribal groups each developed their own stories about the creation of the world, the appearance of the first people, the place of humans in the universe, and the lives and deed of deities and heroes. • Despite the immense variety of Native American mythologies, certain mythic themes, characters, and stories can be found in many of the cultures.

3. Introduction • Underlying all the myths is the idea that spiritual forces can be sensed through the natural world – including clouds, winds, plants, and animals – they shape and sustain. • Many stories explain how the actions of gods, heroes, and ancestors gave the earth its present form

4. History • According to the mythologies of most Native American cultures, their people originated in the places where their ancestors traditionally lived. • Native Americans are descended from hunting and gathering peoples of northeastern Asia who traveled across the Bering Sea into North America during the most recent Ice Age. • Over hundreds of years, the population of North America grew and diversified into the peoples and cultures that Europeans encountered when they began to colonize the continent in the early 1500s.

5. Regions & Types of Deities • Eastern Arctic Region: Sedna • Sedna is known as the mistress or mother of sea animals • Western Arctic: Igaluk • The moon god, trickster stories • Subarctic Region: • Heroes & tricksters who transform or change the world into its present state

6. Regions & Types of Deities • Californian Region: Transformer myths • Animals & deities who started the process of creation • Great Basis & Midwest: Female & “dying god” • Myths with feminine heroes and gods who die and are reborn. • Plains: Culture Heroes & Council of Animals • Southwest: Hohokam People • Migration, heroes who ride the world of monsters and the origins of humans

7. Creators, Gods & Spirits • Native American mythology contains a great many gods, tricksters, heroes and other mythical beings. • The creator gods and heroes usually establish or restore order. • Characters such as tricksters and animals can have either positive or negative qualities. • Sometimes they are helpful and entertaining; at other times, they are unpredictable, deceptive , or violent

8. Creators, Gods & Spirits • Mythic figures do not always fall into the same category • A trickster may act as a culture hero, a culture hero may be an animal, and animal may be a creator figure, and a creator may have a capacity for destruction. • Examples: Father Sky, Mother Earth, Elements: earth, wind, fire, water

9. Creation Myths • Native American creation stories fall into several broad categories. • One of the older and most widespread myth involves some type of water creature: • A duck, muskrat or turtle plunges into the depths of the sea and returns with a lump of mud that becomes the earth, which is often supported on the back of a turtle. This Earth Diver myth also exists in Europe & Asia.

10. Creation Myths • The Navajo & Pueblo people have a different creation image. • Life emerges from the earth like a sprouting plant rising from the soil. • The Navajo tell how insects climbed up from their First or Red World to the Second or Blue World, the realm of birds. When the Second World became too crowded, the insects and birds flew up to the Third or Yellow World, where they found animals and people. All lived together until food became scarce…

11. Creation Myths • Then the people, animals, birds, and insects flew up again into the Fourth or Black & White World of day and night. They found people created by the gods already living there, and these people taught the new comers how to farm and live in their new world.