MS Studies Chapter 3

1. MS Studies Chapter 3 The Road To Statehood Native Americans Europeans Territory State

2. Early Native American Periods • Paleo (10,000 B.C. – 8,000 B.C.) • existed during Ice Age • Natives crossed Land Bridge between Russia & Alaska following food • Archaic (8,000 B.C. – 500 B.C.) • Climate warmed. Large animals died • Natives became less nomadic, hunted smaller game • Woodland – (500 B.C. – 1,000 A.D.) • Highly organized societies • Were Moundbuilders. Mounds were built over tombs • Were farmers, depended less on hunting. • Settled along rivers and streams • Settlements were very large • Mississippian (1,000 A.D. – 1,600 A.D.) • Built Mounds for burial, homes for leaders, and religious reasons • Emerald Mound (Natchez, MS) is the largest mound in Mississippi • Settlements were near rivers and streams Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

3. Mississipians • Major crops: • Maize (corn) • Beans • Squash Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

4. Paleo Period Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

5. Archaic Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

6. Woodland Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

7. Native American Societies • Large tribes were Choctaw, Chickasaw, & Natchez • Many smaller tribes existed (Choula, Pascagoula, Tunica, Biloxi, etc.) • Most tribes were similar • Each village governed itself, but had representatives on a tribal council • There were several Clans in each village • Individuals had to marry outside their clan. Children were members of their mothers clan. • Polygamy (multiple wives) was sometimes practiced. Wives were usually sisters Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

8. Choctaw Village Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

9. Native American Societies (Cont.) • Males • Hunted, cleared land, warriors • Females • Planted, made pottery, gathered food, tanned hides • Polytheistic (many gods) • Most gods centered around the sun or earth in some way • Choctaw played ishtohbohl (stick ball) which was similar to Lacrosse • Choctaw also played Chunky (threw spears at a rolling stone) • Natchez were more like the Mississippian period Indians • Leader was the “Great Sun” • When he died some of his wives were killed as well Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

10. Questions • What was the purpose of mounds? • burial, homes for leaders, and religious ceremonies. • What crops did the Choctaw and Chikasaw raise? • Maize, pumpkins, beans, and peas. Around what were the religious beliefs of the Indian tribes in Mississippi centered? sun and sacred fire Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

11. Ishtohbohl Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

12. Chunky Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

13. Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

14. Spanish Arrive • Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto explored Southeastern MS between 1539 – 1542. Had 600 soldiers • Looking for Gold & Silver • Gained supplies & slaves by holding Native American chiefs hostage • Faced many Native American attacks • Crossed MS River in May 1542 • De Soto died in 1542 • His men floated down the MS River to the Gulf and were pursued by Natives the entire trip. • Spanish didn’t return, but their trip was devastating. • This expedition introduced European diseases to North American Natives. • It is estimated that at least 50% of Natives in North America died from disease during this time period. Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

15. Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

16. De Soto in MS Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

17. French • French settled Canada in 1608 • 1673 Marquette & Joliet explored MS River • 1682 Rene Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle & Henri de Tonti sailed down MS River to the Gulf & claim the MS River Valley for France. • Named this new land Louisiana (King Louis & Queen Anna) Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

18. LaSalle Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

19. European Settlements in North America • Spanish – Florida, Mexico, Caribbean & Central America • British – East coast of present day U.S. • French – Canada • All three were rivals and fighting to secure lands & Native support Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

20. Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

21. French Settlement • French wanted to control interior of U.S. • 1699 Pierre le Moyne, Sieur d’Iberville is sent to Gulf Coast to create colony • Landed at Ship Island and reached mainly on Feb. 13, 1699. • Located mouth of MS River and met with the Natchez Indians • Built Fort Maurepas in present day Ocean Springs • Fort Maurepas is the first European settlement in MS. • Iberville left many times and left his younger brother, Jean-Baptiste le Moyne, Sieur d’Bienville in charge. • Fort Maurepas is later abandoned and a new settlement is created at the mouth of the MS River at New Orleans in 1718 Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

22. Iberville Bienville Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

23. Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

24. Fort Maurepas Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

25. French Settlement (Cont.) • Bienville constructed Fort Rosalie at Natchez in 1716 to protect French settlers • Natchez prospered • 1729 Natchez governor demanded the Natchez give up some land. The Natchez revolted • They attacked the fort, killed 200 white settlers, and freed 300 black slaves • French & Choctaws destroyed the Natchez. Remaining Natchez fled to live with the Chickasaw. Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

26. Fort Rosalie Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

27. Native Americans & Europeans • Native American tribes were divided • Europeans fought for Native American Allies with trade goods • French won the allegiance of the Choctaw • British won allegiance of Chickasaw, Natchez, & Creek • French & Indian War (1754-1763) was fought between France & Great Britain in the present day U.S. • French lost the war and the Treaty of Paris 1763 was signed. • French gave up all lands east of the MS River (except for New Orleans) to Great Britain. Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

28. Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

29. British MS • After Treaty of Paris MS became part of West Florida • Area was remote & rural • British encouraged settlement in Natchez • Land Grants were given in the Natchez District • British settlers populated the area • 1776 American Revolution began • Natchez & other portions of West Florida were captured by the Spanish in Sept. 1779. • Treaty of Paris 1783 ended Amer. Rev. and made the southern boundary of the U.S. 31° • Spanish still controlled Natchez, but U.S. owned it. Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

30. British West Florida Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

31. Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

32. Spanish MS • Natchez thrived under Spanish rule • Fertile land allowed tobacco, indigo, and cotton to grow well • By 1800 cotton was the largest export of Natchez • America and Spain quarreled over access to the MS River (N.O. owned by Spain) • 1795 Pinckney’s Treaty, officially the Treaty of San Lorenzo de Real, was signed saying the U.S. could use the port of New Orleans and Spain would give up control of Natchez Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

33. Pinckney’s Treaty Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

34. MS Territory • MS became a territory of the U.S. in 1798 • Mostly Native American and forested • Natchez Trace was only major road. It connected the MS Territory capital of Natchez to Nashville, TN. • Northwest Ordinance of 1787 established the Territorial Government in MS • MS given a Governor, 3 Judges, and Sec. Governor • Pop. Reaches 5,000 free men an assembly is created to make laws • Pop. Reaches 60,000 free men the territory creates a constitution and petitions for statehood • Winthrop Sargent was first governor. He was viewed as mean and strict. He was a Federalist, and many Mississippians were Jeffersonian Democrats Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

35. Natchez Trace Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

36. Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

37. MS Territory Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

38. Winthrop Sargent Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

39. Land Problems • Most MS land was owned by Choctaw & Chickasaw. • U.S. pressured them to give up land claims • Settlers faced many problems b/c British, French, Spanish, & U.S. had granted land claims and many overlapped • Land Ordinance of 1785 divided government land into townships. • 6 square miles, 36 sections (1 square mile each), 640 acres per section • 16th section set aside for public education Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

40. Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

41. Territory Grows • Territory became sectionalized. • West Mississippians (Natchez) were rich plantation owners and controlled politics. East Mississippians (Alabama) were small farmers and wanted power • 1804 territory expanded to TN line • 1812 territory expanded between Pearl River and Florida • Population grew and the territory was ready for statehood Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

42. Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

43. MS Territory Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

44. MS Territory was large. Congress divided it in 1817. Alabama became a new territory (state in 1819) MS wrote a constitution for statehood Legislature was given more power than the Executive Constitution was not presented to the people, but sent straight to Washington Dec. 10, 1817, Congress approved MS as the 20th state in the Union David Holmes became first governor. Statehood Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

45. State of MS Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

46. David Holmes Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

47. MS StudiesCh. 4 Politics, Slavery, and Antebellum Society

48. MS Capital • 1798 Natchez was Territorial Capital, b/c it was most substantial settlement • 1802 the Capital was moved to Washington • Others wanted a more centrally located capital • In 1821 planners selected LeFleur’s Bluff on the Pearl River as a central location • The capital was named Jackson and the legislature first met there in Dec. 1822 Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

49. Natchez, MS Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS

50. Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS