Second-line Anti-TB drugs

1. Second-line Anti-TB drugs Session 5

2. The five drug groups • Group 1: First-line oral drugs • Group 2: Injectables • Group 3: Fluoroquinolones • Group 4: Other second-line drugs • Group 5: Possible reinforcing drugs (drugs with unclear efficacy) An MDR-TB treatment regimen requires the use of at least four active medications against TB (but often involves five)

3. Kanamycin (Km) Group 2 — Injectable • Aminoglycoside • Interferes with protein synthesis through disruption of ribosome Dose: 1 g IM/IV (15-20 mg/kg) Side effects: • Nephrotoxicity • Ototoxicity • Electrolyte wasting Adjust dose for renal failure

4. Amikacin (Amk) Group 2 — Injectable • Aminoglycoside • Highly similar to kanamycin (can be essentially considered the same drug) Dose: 1 g IM/IV (15-20 mg/kg) daily Side effects: • Same as kanamycin; renal failure and ototoxicity High cross-resistance with kanamycin Adjust dose in renal failure (same as kanamycin)

5. Capreomycin (Cm) Group 2 — Injectable • Polypeptide • Structurally and functionally similar to aminoglycosides Dose: 1 g IM/IV (15-20 mg/kg) daily Side effects • same as Km/Amk Some cross-resistance with Km/Amk Adjust dose for renal failure

6. Ofloxacin (Ofx) Group 3 — Fluoroquinolone • Inhibits DNA-gyrase Dose: 800 mg daily Side effects • Generally well-tolerated • GI upset, rash, CNS disturbance Avoid antacids around time of ingestion (reduces absorption) Near complete cross-resistance with other fluoroquinolones

7. Levofloxacin (Lfx) Group 3 — Fluoroquinolone Dose: 750 mg daily for <50 kg (1000 mg daily for > 75kg) • A higher dose for tuberculosis is used than for other infections Side effects • Generally well-tolerated • GI upset, rash, CNS disturbance Adjust dose in renal failure

8. Moxifloxacin (Mfx) Group 3 — Fluoroquinolone • May be more active than earlier generation quinolones Dose: 400 mg daily Near complete cross-resistance with other fluoroquinolones • Moxifloxacin may have limited efficacy against some strains resistant to ofloxacin No dose adjustment in renal failure • Hepatically cleared

9. Ethionamide (Eto) Group 4 — Other second line drugs • Derivative of isonicotinic acid (same family as isoniazid) Dose: 500-1000 mg daily in divided doses Side effects • GI upset, hypothyroidism, peripheral neuropathy Partial cross-resistance with isoniazid, complete with prothionamide Hepatically excreted Co-administer vitamin B6

10. Prothionamide (Pto) Group 4 — Other second line drugs • Structurally similar to ethionamide Dose: 500-1000 mg daily in divided doses Overall side effect profile similar to ethionamide • Slightly less GI side effects Complete cross-resistance with ethionamide

11. Cycloserine (Cs) Group 4 — Other second line drugs • Alanineanalogue • Interferes with cell-wall proteoglycan synthesis Dose: 500-1000 mg daily in divided doses Side effects: • Seizures, psychosis, depression, irritability, headache Renally excreted Effective CNS penetration Co-administer B6

12. Terizidone (Trd) Group 4 — Other second line drugs • Structure is composed of two connected molecules of cycloserine • Commonly used in South Africa in place of cycloserine Dose: 500-1000 mg daily in divided doses Possibly less side effects than cycloserine Not yet recommended by the WHO • There is less information on terizidone than cycloserine and no direct studies comparing the two

13. Para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) Group 4 — Other second line drugs • Various formulations; delayed-release microcapsules (PASER) best tolerated Dose of PASER is 4 g (1 sachet) twice daily Side effects • GI upset, hypothyroidism • Hepatitis, electrolyte abnormalities Hepatic metabolism, renal excretion Administer with acidic food or drink

14. Group 5: Possible reinforcing agents Minimal clinical data to support use in MDR-TB therapy. Should only be used in cases of extreme drug resistance (XDR-TB): • Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid • Clofazamine • Linezolid • High dose isoniazid • Imipenem

15. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMX-CLV) Group 5 • Beta-lactam antibiotic with beta-lactamase inhibitor Dose • 1000/250 mg twice daily or • 875/125mg twice daily Side effects • GI upset, rash Contraindicated: Penicillin allergy

16. Clofazimine (CFZ) Group 5 • Substituted iminophenazine Usual adult dose is 100 mg daily Side effects • Bronzing of skin • Malabsorption • Abdominal pain (can be severe)

17. Linezolid (LZD) Group 5 • Oxazolidinone: inhibits protein synthesis, interacting with ribosomal RNA Dosing • Coated tablets: 400 and 600 mg • Intravenous solution: 2 mg/ml; 100, 200, or 300 mg bags • Usual dose: 600 mg twice daily. • Some case series have successfully used daily half dosing (600 mg once daily) to decrease toxicity and maintain efficacy, however neuropathic reactions seem to be related to duration of therapy rather than dose.

18. Linezolid (LZD) (Continued) Side effects • Generally well tolerated for treatment courses ≤28 days. • Common: diarrhea, nausea, headache, insomnia, and rash. • More serious: • myelosuppression (generally reversible with discontinuation of the drug) • optic neuropathy (usually resolved over time with drug discontinuation) • peripheral neuropathy (possibly irreversible). • Rare: hypertension, lactic acidosis, pancreatitis

19. Linezolid (LZD) (Continued) Monitoring • CBC weekly during the initial period, then monthly, and then as needed based on symptoms. • There is little clinical experience with prolonged use. • Visual function should be monitored in all patients taking linezolid for extended periods (≥3 months) and in all patients reporting new visual symptoms regardless of length of therapy. Alerting symptoms: • Black, tarry stools or severe diarrhea • Unusual bleeding or bruising • Extreme tiredness or weakness • Numbness, tingling, or burning pain in your hands, arms, legs, or feet • Change in visual acuity, vision blurring, or visual field defect • Headache, nausea, or vomiting

20. High-dose isoniazid (H) Group 5 (at high doses) Dosing • 16 to 18 mg/kg per day, typically 600 mg to 1200 mg per week • Some clinicians give it three times a week instead of daily at the 16 to 18 mg/kg dosing

21. Imipenem/Cilastin Group 5—Beta-lactam/carbapenem In vitro activity—very limited clinical experience Dosing • Adults: 1000 mg IV every 12 hours • In children, meropenem preferred: 20-40 mg/kg/dose IV every 8 hours up to 2 grams per day (high rates of seizures were seen in children treated with imipenem for TB meningitis Side effects • Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting • Seizure noted in CNS infections

22. Global TB drug pipeline

23. Weight-based dosing Second-line anti-TB drugs are usually dosed based on weight according to the next three slides. If a patient gains weight during the treatment they move up a weight band and the dosage of drugs should be adjusted accordingly. Example: A patient who starts treatment at 45 kg will be started on 500 mg of ethionamide. Once the patient’s weight increases above 50 kg the dose should be adjusted to 750 mg per day.

24. Cross-resistance Aminoglycosides • Minimal cross resistance between SM and other aminoglycosides • KM and AM have almost complete cross resistance • Cross resistance between CM and KM and/or AM has been documented Fluoroquinolones • Mutations that confer resistance to one fluoroquinolone will confer some degree of resistance to all, but the clinical significance of this is unclear (e.g. moxifloxacin may have limited efficacy against some strains resistant to ofloxacin).